This completely revised and updated edition of Teach Yourself Afrikaans is for all those who seek to communicate in Afrikaans It has been written for students with no previous experience or knowledge of the language, and is especially aimed at those who wish to study at home. The grammar, syntax and vocabulary of Afrikaans are introduced in carefully graded stages, and are illustrated with examples and exercises. Spoken Afrikaans is also given close attention, with examples of everyday conversations, and a detailed section on pronunciation. By working through the exercises and examples in this book, the student will gain a good basic knowledge of Afrikaans as it is spoken every day.

afrikaans goal
category
all-around confidence
language
content
• learn to speak, understand and write afrikaans • progress quickly beyond the basics • explore the language in depth
afrikaans lydia mcdermott
This P D F edited b y Skvodo 2009
for over 60 years, more than 50 million people have leamt over 750 subjects the teach yourself way, with impressive results
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For UK order enquiries: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, 0X14 4SB. Telephone: +44 (0) 1235 827720. Fax: +44 (0) 1235 400454. Lines are open 09.00-17.00, Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. Details about our titles and how to order are available at www.teachyourseff.co.uk For USA order enquiries: please contact McGraw-Hill Customer Services, PO Box 545, Blacklick, OH 43004-0545, USA. Telephone: 1-800-722-4726. Fax: 1-614-755-5645. For Canada order enquiries: please contact McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd, 300 Water St, Whitby, Ontario, L1N 9B6, Canada. Telephone: 905 430 5000. Fax: 905 430 5020. Long renowned as the authoritative source for self-guided learning - with more than 50 million copies sold worldwide - the teach yourself series includes over 500 titles in the fields of languages, crafts, hobbies, business, computing and education. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data: a catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: on file. First published in UK 2005 by Hodder Education, part of Hachette Livre UK, 338 Euston Road, London, NW1 3BH. First published in US 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. This edition published 2005. The teach yourself name is a registered trade mark of Hodder Headline. Copyright© 2005 Lydia McDermott In UK:M rights reserved. Apart from any permitted use under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information, storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London, EC1N 8TS. In US: All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher and the author have no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content will remain relevant, decent or appropriate. Typeset by Transet Limited, Coventry, England. Printed in Great Britain for Hodder Education, part of Hachette Livre UK, 338 Euston Road, London, NW1 3BH, by Cox & Wyman Ltd, Reading, Berkshire. Hachette Livre UK's policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 Year 2010 2009 2008
o o introduction
vii
pronunciation 01
xiii groete greetings
1
• greetings in Afrikaner culture • members of the family • relationships among family members • nuclear and extended families • some Afrikaans pronouns • saying hello and goodbye 02
ja meneer, nee meneer yes sir, no sir
10
• Afrikaans address forms • counting • telling the time • the three Afrikaans tenses • the use of the Afrikaans verb to be • Afrikaans telephone conventions 03
asseblief, dankie please, thank you
27
• parts of the body • forming plurals • ranking numbers • homes • some question words • polite behaviour 04
kultuur en kerk culture and church
43
• South African cultures • use of the infinitive • time, manner and place word order in Afrikaans • compounds 05
feesvierings celebrations • days of the week • greeting one another on special occasions • months of the year
54

• writing dates in Afrikaans • South African celebrations • the gender formation rule I
• definite and indefinite articles • relative
I w
pronouns 06
fris, vrom, vrolik fit strong, happy
69
• sports • adjectives and things adjectival • comparisons • some common Afrikaans similes 07
het dit (1)! got it (1)!
86
• revision exercises 08
om daar te kom getting there
92
• money matters • adverbs and all things adverbial • how South Africans do business • yes-no questions • getting around South Africa 89
om daar te bly staying there
109
• South African 'bed and breakfast' hotels • saying no • common telephone expressions • Afrikaans variants of English all* eating out 10
koopkuns cunning shopping
126
• shopping • how to use conjunctions and their clauses • the 'Proudly South African* campaign • variation in word order • going to market 11
SOS SOS
140
• prepositions • prepositional verbs • emergencies • healing herbs • coping with illness 12
so maak mens this is what people do
152
• modal and auxiliary verbs • participles • forming imperatives • some common exclamations • South African wonders 13
het dit (2)! got it (2)!
170
• revision exercises 14
volg jou maag follow your stomach • the passive voice • Malay cuisine • putting rhythm and rhyme into your language
176
15
voed jou siel feed your soul • direct and indirect speech * basic punctuation • cultural festivals • writing letters
16
veld toe to the veld • compounding verbs and nouns • diminutives • the South African bush
17
hetúl{Z)l
got it (3)!
• revision exercises key to the exercises taking it further appendix: useful information Afrikaans-English glossary English-Afrikaans glossary index
3
Before you start Read this introduction. It w i l l give you some general information and an idea of how the book is structured and how to approach the course. It also gives you tips for learning. By buying this book, you are indicating your intention of learning a new language. This will be an exciting, but demanding, venture. The enjoyment and excitement should arise from learning what is the youngest language in the world, Afrikaans, and from learning about the peoples who use it in their everyday lives. The demands will come from spending half an hour a day acquiring the language through the units in this book. You will acquire the language much more quickly and more thoroughly if you work a little each day, rather than working for a long period one day a week. Think about how you acquired your mother tongue - little by little.
The youngest natural language in the world In a sense, Afrikaans can be said to be both a pidgin and a creole language. Pidgins are a simplified form of language used amongst people who speak different languages and using vocabulary from those languages. When pidgins are learnt by children as a mother tongue, they become grammatically more complex, and we call them Creoles. Afrikaans is a creole in that it derives from Dutch (and German and English) and has borrowed much from the African and M a l a y languages. It is a pidgin in that its grammatical structure is much simplified from the Dutch and has adopted much vocabulary from all the languages with which it has been in contact.
5 a JJJJJ o o
•••I
The most profound influence on Afrikaans has come from the various 'coloured' (mixed race) peoples of South Africa for whom, along with the so-called white Afrikaners, it has become the mother tongue. It is spoken also by most of the Griqua people who live along the reaches of the Orange River and who acquired the language during their contact with the Afrikaners who trekked into the hinterland to escape British C r o w n rule. Over time Afrikaans has shown itself to be particularly receptive to borrowings from other languages with which it has been in contact. As such, it has accepted new concepts with the minimum of fuss and bother. Afrikaans spelling is largely phonetic - spell it as you say it - and much of the vocabulary is, as Anglo-Saxon was, made up of compound nouns which can be literally translated and metaphorically interpreted. For example, a vacuum cleaner is a stofsuier - literally, a 'dust-sucker'. Easy isn't it? As the most daunting task i n learning any language is acquiring a vocabulary, a vocabulary of such compounds is a real bonus. Furthermore, the language has three basic tenses (not six like English) and very few exceptions to any of the rules. Should you know German or Dutch, or any other Germanic language, you w i l l find it very easy to master the Afrikaans w o r d order. Remember that one theory states that you need acquire only 300 words of a language to communicate in it.
Afrikaans speakers As has happened with English in which World Englishes have come to be recognized as equal to Standard British English, purist Afrikaners have had to recognize various other Afrikaanses as equal in status to Standard Afrikaans. The standard form of Afrikaans, as has also happened in English, is primarily now retained almost exclusively in the written form. A n 'Academy' has existed for many years for the sole purpose of keeping the written form of the language 'pure'. It has, for many years, brought out a style and spelling handbook at regular intervals. But whereas, earlier, the Academy's task was to prevent language change in terms of 'standard' Afrikaans, known as A B Afrikaans (Algemeen Beskaafd Afrikaans literally, 'generally civilized' Afrikaans, i.e. White Afrikaans!), it has, i n recent years, been compelled by Afrikaans speakers (of all colours) to rewrite the 'rules' of Afrikaans to reflect the patterns of the speakers' common language practice.
The Afrikaans you will be learning in this book will enable you to adopt both a formal and an informal position when you require it. Please note that accents and pronunciation used on the recording should not be construed as exclusive, elite or a sign of intellectual superiority. Only in the early units, i n which the pronunciation is of necessity unnaturally and artificially clear, is an attempt made to pronounce the sounds in a 'standardized' way. In most speech, some sounds and/or syllables are elided and this is particularly true amongst mothertongue speakers. Indeed, one way in which we become aware that someone is not a mother-tongue speaker is through the precision and perfection of his/her speech!
About this book Like other titles in the series, this book is designed to help you acquire an additional language without having any previous knowledge of it. You may not know a single Afrikaans word except perhaps for the word 'apartheid' - or understand the language at all, but by the end of the course, if you practise and work consistently, you will be able to communicate orally and in writing in simple, but adequate Afrikaans. You will be introduced progressively to the basics of the language and to the language behaviour (pragmatics) associated with the various cultural groups which use the language. To ensure your spoken use of Afrikaans is not stilted and is appropriate, preference has been given to idiomatic expression. The focus in the written language has been on getting a message across to a reader. By definition, then, the written forms are more formal and exacting than the spoken. You will also learn to read non-technical Afrikaans written texts, including newspaper articles, magazines, pamphlets, travel guides, instructions and even, perhaps, works of popular fiction. You should have no trouble following Afrikaans feature films (some of which are world class) or television shows. The more you practise, the quicker and more you w i l l learn. Nothing helps like finding a mother-tongue speaker on whom to try out your Afrikaans. The narrative content of the units will enable you, while acquiring the language, to learn about and to understand not only the speakers of Afrikaans but also South Africa itself, its painful past and its hopeful present.
Learning outcomes By the end of the course you will have acquired sufficient language and vocabulary to interact both orally and in writing with Afrikaans speakers in a variety of situations and will be able to, at least: • greet people; • ask for information and directions; • interact with Afrikaners socially, whatever their cultural group; • ask Afrikaners about themselves and about South Africa; • talk about your own country; • find your way around in South African town and country; and • talk about the diverse South African social and environmental landscape. You will also come to an understanding of the South African society in all its linguistic and cultural diversity. This knowledge will facilitate the cross-cultural interactions you are likely to face should you visit South Africa.
How is the book structured? There are 17 language-learning units in this book including three test-yourself sections (Units 7, 13 and 17), the answers for which are given in the key to the exercises at the back of the book. The book is organized thematically around topics which relate to Afrikaans, its speakers and their cultural practices, and to Afrikaans as an instrument of history. The themes vary in approach and in content, but all contain an explanation of particular basic grammar patterns and the vocabulary relevant to the current theme. Each unit also has plenty of activities and more formal written exercises to give you practice in spelling and grammatical patterns. In addition, most units have useful cultural information. These short pieces, indicated by Q , cover practices which may be culturally specific to Afrikaners or, more generally, South African matters which might be of practical use and of interest. As such, the former set of pieces covers both 'coloured' Afrikaner practices as well as those of 'white' Afrikaners (where these differ from one another) and the latter, the spectrum of South African society.
The units become progressively more complex and should be worked through in consecutive order. Each unit not only builds on the previous one, but also incorporates, and thus consolidates, that which has gone before. A l l the language structures are presented within contexts in which they are likely to be appropriate. Where the meanings of words are deducible from their similarity to English words, the words have not been translated. This will help you to associate the Afrikaans sounds with their corresponding spelled forms, and improve your Afrikaans word power by making you take conscious note of similarities, whether orthographic or auditory.
Vocabulary - the heart of talking The most laborious, but essential, task when learning any language is acquiring the words to say what you want to say, to ask what you need to ask. You will get somewhere with no grammar, but nowhere without vocabulary. There is no easy way to acquire the thousands of words that make up any language. Consider, however, that the average four-year-old has acquired hundreds of words and a reasonably competent grammar, without any formal learning. If a four-year-old can do it, so can you! Think about the ways you acquired your mother tongue from those around you and apply that to your target language! It is a linguistic truism that you can only learn a language if you have a language community in which to acquire it. If you are unable to find a mother-tongue speaker or have no access to Afrikaans music, videos, radio or print media, in effect this book, your own voice and the recordings are your language community. A t the end of the book you will find two glossaries: one EnglishAfrikaans, and the other Afrikaans-English. You w i l l find that when you are 'composing' you will generally use the former the most and when you are reading or listening you will use the latter the most. This is perfectly natural. Remember that even translators rely heavily on dictionaries and thesauri (if they are available). Be patient and use the glossaries. Each time you require a new word, learn it. It is always better to learn a few words at a time than to try to learn a large number, out of context of use, in one sitting. If your house companions don't
object, paste lists up in the kitchen and the toilet - anywhere you are likely to be able to spend a little time revising and memorizing! If you have bought the recordings together with this book, play them in the car or on your personal stereo. Keep your own vocabulary list in an alphabetized book. You will be amazed at how quickly your list grows. Don't cheat, though. Write down only the words you really know the meaning of and can spell!
Symbols Q
recorded material
0
cultural information Alles van die beste. Geniet dit! All the best. Enjoy!
Don't focus solely on the pronunciation guide on the recording. Listen, listen and listen again and again to the whole recording even if you don't understand the meaning of what you are listening to. You are trying to acquire the 'noise' of the language. The more you listen to what will initially be a continuous babble, the sooner you will come to hear the babble as a series of discrete sounds and sound blocks. The more discrete the babble becomes, the better you are hearing the Afrikaans. The language is in fact becoming meaningful to you. Y o u are recognizing the sound nuances and you are picking up the rhythms of Afrikaans. Always try to mimic the sounds you hear. If you have a tape recorder available, record your practice efforts. Alternate between the recording which accompanies the book and your own. See if you can pick up the sounds, words and phrases you are having difficulty with. Write these down. Practise them until you have mastered them. D o not repeatedly practise what you have mastered. This is a waste of time.
• Pronunciation : indicates a long sound Ref. Letter
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
i, e, 'n
In Afrikaans words
Sounds like the underlined sound in these words (British English pronunciation unless otherwise indicated)
pik (peck), gids (guide),asleep (the schwa) 'n tafel (a table), in ie (or ie:)sien (see),fliek{film), short as in Uck; long as in mie(:)r (ant) creed e ken (chin, know), sent sent (cent), president, ek (I) fear ee / e(:) een (one), eende (ducks), vere (feathers) fair ê/e sê (say), êrens (somewhere), pers (press/purple) ei, y meisie (gir/), reis cry. (South African English (journey), rys (rice), pray, basic) ys (ice) o/ó pot, grot (cave), mol caught (mole), more (tomorrow) oo / o(:) boom/bome (tree/s), moor oor/ore (earls) u put (hole), pluk (pick),the schwa (1 above) with bul (Wl), buffel lips rounded (buffalo) uu/u (:) muur/mure (wall/s), like 2 above, but with skuur/skure (barn/s) lips rounded eu (or :) deu(:)r (door), beurt like 4 above, but with (turn), keu(:)se (choice) lips rounded room oe (or :) hoe (how), boe(:)r (farmer), vloe(:)r (floor) duck a man, hand, land, rand (edge), sak (pocket/bag) aa / a (:) maan/mane (moon/s), father ma (:) (mother) cry aai saai (sow), raai (gwess) oei koei (cow,), groei (grow), like 17 below, but with moeilik (difficult) lips rounded
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
mooi (pretty), rooi (red), toy., but longer nooit (never), ooit (ever) as 6 above, but longer ui (onion), buite ui (outside), bruin (brown) and with lips rounded oud (old), klou (claw), coat ou onthou (remember) eeu eeu (century), sneeu /e'> (snow), leeu (lion) pumpkin pot, paleis (palace), P pampoen (pumpkin) b springbok, boek (book), book baba, brood (bread) maand (month), bottel, hotel t/d hotel, mond (mouth) adder, dan (then), dankie den d (thank you), monde dj/tj hondjie (puppy), katjie kin (kitten), kierie (walking stick) kin k kam (comb), krap (crab/scratch), ketel, mak (tame) gala, berge (mountains),in the middle of a word or g in a borrowed word: go angora, gholf gaan (go), lag (lawgh), at the beginning and end of g geld (money), geel words: Scots loch (ye/low) view w wind, wiel (wheel), werk (work), lawwe (mad/crazy) dw / tw /dwaal (wander), twee (íwo) dwell, twist, quick, swim kw / sw (two), kwaal (disease), swem (swim) vinger (finger), fyn (/ine), linger f/v vreemd (strange) s saak (case), suig (sack), sun sing, hasie (bunny) Zoeloe, zoem z zebra (usually in (zoom) borrowed words) sj / si Sjina (China), masjien shock (machine), nasionaal hug h huis (house), haas (rabbit), hawe (harbour) ts tsar, tsetse (/7y), tsotsi cats (word-initially, usually in (thug), koets (coach) borrowed words) ooi
37
tj
38 39
j j
40
1
41
r
42
m
43
n
44
ng
tjank (yelp/cry), tjek change (cheque), tjoepstil (dead quiet) judge jellie, jol (have fun) young jok (tell a lie), jare (years), jonk (young), jy (you) lovely lip, lelik (ugly), leeu (lion), mallemeule (carousel) voor (in front), kamer rolled as in Scots merry (room); rooi (red), rok (dress) man, kamer (room), man gom (glue/gum), sommer (summer) wenner (winner), no seun (son/boy), nou (nou;), wanneer (when) / nk bang (afraid), vang thing; sink (catch), lank (long), bedank (thank)
Written a c c e n t s
There are three written accents in Afrikaans, the circumflex ( ), the acute (') and the two dots or trema ('). The and ' are used to indicate a change in sound (and therefore i n meaning), e.g. A
A
hoe (how) —• hoë (high) se (the's ending in English, showing possession) —• sê (say) The acute ' is used to indicate a stressed syllable, as in die (the) ™• die (this) Again, these words sound different, and as you see they have different meanings.
In this unit y o u will learn • about the use of greetings in Afrikaner culture • the terms for members of the family • the terms for the relationships among family members • how Afrikaners distinguish between their nuclear and extended families • how to say hello • how to s a y goodbye
2
Note
groete
The Afrikaans word groete greetings comes from groet, which can mean either to greet or to say 'goodbye . 9
Q The Afrikaners place a lot of importance on courtesy and polite behaviour. When you meet someone or phone them, your first question should be Hoe gaan dit met jou? How are you? The other person's response will generally be Goed dankie. En met jou? Their response to your politeness is another politeness! You would never just say More Morning and then hurtle into what you want to talk about.
Dialogue 1 Meet the Smit family. mev. Smit Ek is die moeder. mnr. Smit Ek is die vader. mnr. en mev. Smit Ons het twee kinders. Een is 'n seun, die ander is 'n meisie. Ons dogter se naam is Susanna. Die gesin noem haar op haar bynaam, Sannie. Ons seun s e naam is Piet. Sannie Ek is Sannie. Piet is my broer. Ek is sy suster. Piet Ek is Piet. Sannie is my suster. Ek is haar broer. Sannie en Piet O n s pa se naam is J a n . Ons ma se naam is Marie.
moeder vader twee kinders een seun ander meisie dogter
mother father two children one boy other girl daughter
naam gesin bynaam seun broer suster pa ma
name family nickname son brother sister dad mum
Use the following words to identify the people in the picture: dogter, Pa, moeder, Oupa, seun, M a , baba, vader, broer, Ouma, suster, kinders
Language patterns Pronouns Pronouns, as the word implies, are those words which are used to replace nouns (persons, places or things). It is likely we would find the sentence Peter looked for Peter's book, Peter most odd. We would normally say, Peter looked for his book, himself. The words his and himself substitute for the words Peter's and the second occurrence of Peter in the sentence, respectively. Pronoun substitution is used to avoid repetition, which often leads to clumsy sentences. Pronouns work the same way in Afrikaans as they do in English. O In Afrikaans, we have two ways of saying you. Generally, we use the word jy, but we also have a special form, u, for addressing those to whom we would be expected to Ó^JOW respect in terms of Afrikaans cultural practice. For example, w ^ would say, Goeiemóre, Meneer. Hoe gaan dit met u? (Good morning, Sir. How are you?) if we were addressing our boss or perhaps a child was addressing his / her headteacher.
Look at the following table which sets out the English pronouns and their Afrikaans equivalents. Singular
Plurai
ek, my, myne (/, me/my, mine)
ons, ons s'n (we/us, our/ours)
jy, u, jou, joune (you, you (respectful), yours, yours (respectful))
julle, u, juile s'n, u s'n (you/your, you/your (respectful), yours, yours (respectful))
hy, sy, horn, haar, syne, hare [he, she/his, him, her, his, hers)
hulle, hulle s ' n (they/them/their, theirs)
Q
1 Ek is M a . 2 O n s het twee kinders. 3 Piet en Sannie is ons kinders. 4 Die kinders is ons s ' n . 5 Meneer, is dit u boek? 6 Sy is Sannie. 7 Dit is sy boek.
I am Mother.
We have two children. Piet and Sannie are our children. The children are ours. Sir, is this your hook? She is Sannie. It is his book.
Note
• While there are separate singular and plural forms of jy, the u form is used for both the singular and plural: To your friend/friends, you would say: Marie, jy is welkom. Marie en Piet, julle is welkom.
Mary, you are welcome. Mary and Peter, you are welcome.
In a formal situation you would say: Meneer, u is welkom. Meneer en Mevrou, u is welkom. • • • •
Sir, you are welcome. Sir, Madam, you are ivelcome.
The formal u, the 'respectful' form, substitutes for jy/jou/julle; Sy can mean either she or his; M y can mean either me or my; O n s can mean either we or our.
Language patterns Possessive pronouns In English, when we want to show that something belongs to someone or something, we use phrases like Mary's hat (the hat of Mary), where the apostrophe before the 5 replaces the ownership word of. In Afrikaans we never use an apostrophe with a noun to show possession. For the English of we will use se in Afrikaans, and for the English's, we will use the particle s'n. The particles se and s'n are used in both the singular and the plural (that is whether talking about one or many persons, places or things). Both the se and the s'n come immediately after the 'owning' noun: Dit Die Die Dit
is Piet se boek. tafel se poot is af. boek is Piet s'n. is M a s'n.
This is the hook of Viet. The leg of the table is broken. The book is Piefs. It is Mum's.
Exercise 2
From the list below choose the correct pronoun or particle for each of the following sentences. julle,
u,
hy,
haar,
ek,
sy,
jou,
se
Example: Marie is Piet en Sannic ma. -+ Marie is Piet en Sannie se ma. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
'Kinders bring asseblief Pa ontbyt.' Sannie groet ma en pa. Piet vra of M a kan help. ' P a hier is ontbyt.' ' H o e gaan dit met Ma?' ' G o e d dankie, Piet. Hoe gaan dit met 'Sannie en Piet, kan kom help?' en Piet het lekker geslaap. M a sê het ook lekker geslaap.
?'
Exercise 3
What do you notice about the Afrikaans written address forms when they precede a name? Look carefully at the dialogue at the beginning of this unit.
Exercise 4
1 Listen again to the recording and then repeat Dialogue 1 out loud. 2 What would Sannie have said if she had had a sister, Sara? 3 What would Piet have said if he had had a brother, Dawid?
• Dialogue 2 It is breakfast time in the Smit house. Sannie Ma Piet Ma Sannie Pa Ma Pa Susanna en Piet Pa Susanna en Piet More! ontbyt amper reg
More, Mamma. More, Sannie. More, Mamma. Hi, Sannie. More, Piet. Hi, Piet. More, M a . More, kinders. More, J a n . Ontbyt is amper reg. Dankie, Marie. More, Pappa. Het P a p p a goed geslaap? J a , dankie, kinders. Ek het. En julle? J a , dankie, Pappa. Ons het.
Morning! breakfast nearly ready
dankie goed geslaap ja, dankie
thank you slept well yes, thank you
Exercise 5
In order to practise your pronunciation, you need to tune your ear to the 'noise' of Afrikaans. Listening and repeating along with the dialogues will help you. You need to try to match your pronunciation to that of the recording. Y o u w i l l find this easier the more you listen to the language. 1 Read the dialogue again, while you listen to it on the recording. 2 Read the dialogue out loud along with the recording. 3 Role play M r s Smit's role, by responding to what each of the other characters says to her.
Q Greetings You w i l l see from the dialogue that each member of the Smit family greets the others with the expression More. This expression is an abbreviation of the full, more formal, expression Goeiemore. The following table sets out the most common forms of greetings, both formal and informal.
Formal
Informal
goeiemóre good morning goeiemiddag good afternoon goeienaand good evening
more morning middag afternoon naand evening dag good day dagsê good day hi! hi!
Language patterns gesin and familie In English, the word 'family' refers to both your nuclear and your extended family. In Afrikaans, however, two words are used to distinguish between the two ideas. The word gesin is used to refer only to your nuclear family. The word familie refers only to your extended family. A family tree graphically represents the extended family. Look carefully at the following family tree, representing Sannie and Piet's family. Note the kinship (relationship) terms. The squares represent males and the circles stand for females.
Some of the kinship terms are given in Dialogue 1, above. Here are some more: boetie neef niggie oom ouma oupa sussie tante tannie
brother (affectionate, diminutive term) male cousin, nephew female cousin, niece uncle grandmother grandfather sister (affectionate, diminutive term) aunt auntie
For extra practice, write the names of your relatives on Sannie and Piet's family tree. Exercise 6
Look at the following table of greetings. Groet
(greeting)
Hoe gaan dit met u? How are you? Hoe gaan dit met jouf How are you?
Hoe's dit? How are things?
Antwoord (response) Dit gaan goed, dankie. En met u? Fine thanks, and you? Dit gaan goed, dankie. En met jou? Fine thanks, and you? Goed, dankie. En self? Well, thanks. And you? Kan nie kia nie. En self? Can't complain. And you? Lekker! Great!
1 Using the table above, suggest appropriate responses between the following members of the extended Smit family as they meet together on the first day of the holidays. In each case there may be several possibilities. Write them all down. a b c d e
O o m Jan responding to Ouma, his mother. Piet and Sannie responding to their cousins Sarel and Jannie. M r s Smit to her sister-in-law, Susanne. Ouma to her son, Gert. M r Smit to his brother, Gert.
2 H o w would they all greet Ouma?
• Dialogue 3 In this dialogue, we accompany M r Smit and the children as they leave for work and school. K o m , kinders. Ons ry nou. O n s gaan laat wees. Ons kom, Pappa. Totsiens, Mamma. Lekker dag! Totsiens, kinders. Geniet die dag. Totsiens, Marie. Sien jou vanaand. Totsiens, Jan. Lekker werk! Dankie, Ma. J y ook.
Pa Kinders Ma Pa Ma Pa
kom ry nou laat gaan wees
come leave, drive away now late go be
totsiens vanaand geniet werk ook
goodbye (lit. till we see again) tonight enjoy work also
Exercise 7 None of the Smits just say 'goodbye'. Each of them offers a pleasantry. Make a list of their pleasantries together with any English equivalent terms you might know.
Q Taking your leave Informal
Formal totsiens goeiemóre goeiemiddag goeienag alles van die beste
goodbye good morning good afternoon good night all the best
sien jou ta ta nagsê nag lekker siaap lekker ry mooi loop mooi bly
see you ta-ta night night-night sleep tight go well go well stay well
Exercise 8 a Read through the table above, while you listen to the recording, b Repeat the Afrikaans terms along with the recording.
9 -
In this unit y o u will learn • Afrikaans address forms • how to count • how to tell the time • the three Afrikaans t e n s e s present, past and future • the use of the Afrikaans verb
to be • Afrikaans telephone conventions
H i All speakers meeting one another for the first time will Goeiemdre Good morning in the morning, Goeiemiddag in afternoon and Goeienaand in the evening. In formal situations as a sign of respect, you would also include the name/s of person/s whom you are addressing - Baie dankie, Meneer Mevrou) Smit Thank you very much, Mr and Mrs Smit.
say the and the (en
The terms for sir and madam are meneer and mevrou - literally mister and missis. A s in German, in Afrikaans the term for unmarried women, mejuffrou, or more commonly nowadays, juffrou, is frequently avoided for politeness' sake. The abbreviated written forms of address are derived from the three terms meneer, mevrou and mejuffrou - mnr., mev., and mej. A s noted in Unit 1, these forms never have a capital letter and are always closed with a full stop. After s o m e o n e has Aangename kennis 'pleasant knowledge'. idiomatic phrase which
been introduced he/she will respond, Pleased to meet you. Literally, this means The expression Aangename kennis is an you should learn by heart.
• Dialogue 1 Sannie and Piet arrive at school. They both see friends. After school assembly they go to their respective classes. Van die kinders se vriende Sannie en Piet Gert Jurg
Hi, daar julle! Kom hier. Die klok gaan nou lui. Hi, julle. Ons kom. Ons is vandag amper laat. J a , ons sien so. Daar lui die klok. K o m ons gaan.
In Sannie's Afrikaans class: mnr. de Bruin Klas saam mnr. de Bruin
Goeiemdre, kias. Goeiemdre, Meneer. Sit asseblief, kinders, en haal julle taalboeke uit.
In Piet's biology class: mej. Malan Klas saam mej. Malan
Goeiemdre, kinders. Goeiemdre, Juffrou. Sit asseblief, klas. Kom haal elkeen 'n padda.
hier here die klok lui the bell is ringing Meneer Sir taalboeke grammar books
Juffrou eikeen 'n padda haal
Ma'am each a frog fetch, get
Exercise 1
1 Read the dialogues while you listen to the recording. 2 Read out loud along with the recording.
Language patterns Numbers As in any language numbers are used for a variety of purposes: counting things, telling the time, giving dates and ranking things in a particular order. In this unit we will look first at the counting numbers and then at how these are used to tell the time. In Unit 3, we will look at ranking numbers and in Unit 5 at how these are used to say dates.
Q Words for counting Numbers
een twee drie vier vyf
1-20
1 2 3 4 5
ses sewe agt nege tien
6 7 8 9 10
elf twaalf dertien veertien vyftien
11 12 13 14 15
sestien sewentien agtien negentien twintig
16 17 18 19 20
Units of ten
tien twintig dertig veertig vyftig
10 20 30 40 50
sestig sewentig tagtig negentig honderd
60 70 80 90 100
Tens a n d units
In Afrikaans, once we move from the 'teens', we add the numbers from 1 to 9 to the particular unit of ten: een-en-twintig twee-en-twintig drie-en-twintig sewe-en-twintig agt-en-twintig nege-en-twintig
21 22 23 27 28 29
vier-en-twintig vyf-en-twintig ses-en-twintig dertig een-en-dertig twee-en-dertig
24 25 26 30 31 32
Hundreds
Once we move into the hundreds, simply add the relevant number to the word honderd: een honderd en sewe drie honderd, vier-en-sewentig
107 374
N u m b e r s a b o v e 1,000
Once we move into the thousands, simply add the word duisend: een duisend, een honderd en sewe een-en-twintig duisend, drie honderd, vier-en-sewentig
1,107 21,3 74
Note
• We say the numbers formed from units of ten, like 21, 'backwards' - first the unit number, and then the rest een-en-twintig. • When we write figures, we use commas between each of the thousands, hundreds, tens and units groups: 21,374 - een-entwintig duisend, drie honderd, vier-en-sewentig. • In Afrikaans the practice is to write numbers in figures rather than in words. • Look in the useful information section at the end of the book for other numbers you may find useful. Q
Exercise 2
Write and say the following numbers in words: Example: 6,789 ses duisend, sewe honderd, nege-en-tagtig 1 9 6 32 2 19 7 2,186 3 99 8 12,345 4 999 9 345,678 5 9,999
Language patterns D Telling the time In Afrikaans, the time reckoned from the 12-hour clock is always reckoned in terms of the nearest full hour.
Full hours
07h00 08h00
sewe-uur agtuur
seven o'clock eight o'clock
12h30
halfeen
07h30
halfagt
half past twelve (half before one') half past seven ('half before eight')
Half hours
Quarter hours
llhl5 02h45
kwart oor elf kwart voor drie
a quarter past eleven a quarter to three
Minutes
09h05 lOhlO 01h40
vyf oor nege five past nine tien oor tien ten past ten twintig voor twee twenty to two
When we use the 12-hour clock we have to say whether the time is a.m. (before 12 noon) or p.m. (after noon). In Afrikaans we do this by using the words voorrniddag (before noon) and narniddag (after noon). The English abbreviations a.m. and p.m. are translated into Afrikaans as vrn. and nrn., respectively. Stating the time using the 24-hour clock is easy, as one merely states the numbers in the order they are written, except that for full hours we add the words honderd (hundred) and uur (hour). Full hours
07h00 08h00 20h00
sewe honderd uur agt honderd uur twintig honderd uur
Half hours
12h30 07h30 22h30
twaalf-dertig sewe-dertig twee-en-twintig dertig
Quarter hours
llhl5 14h45
elf-vyftien veertien-vyf-en-veertig
Minutes 09h05 lOhlO 13h40
nege-nul-vyf tien-tien dertien-veertig
Note • In twee-uur and sewe-uur, there would be several vowels together, some of which form other actual Afrikaans vowel sounds. Thus, a hyphen is used to separate letters so that the required vowel sound will be made. • In agtuur and halfeen, only the correct vowel sound is possible. Thus, the hyphen is not required and the words are written as one. • While in English, we say for 15h00, fifteen hundred hours, in Afrikaans we use the singular form, uur - vyftien-honderduur. O Invitations which say 19h30 for 20h00 are common in South Africa. This usually indicates that the 'official* proceedings will begin at 20h00 and that drinks and snacks will be available beforehand. Q Exercise 3 Using the 12-hour clock, write i n words, or say, in Afrikaans, the time shown on each of the clocks below. Clocks 1-4 show times before noon and clocks 5-8 show times after noon. Ensure that you make the difference clear in your answers, by stating voormiddag for a.m. and narniddag for p.m.
Exercise 4
Next to each activity, using the 12-hour clock, write in words the time at which you do each. D o not forget to indicate a.m. and p.m., by using either v m . or nm. You will find a model answer in the key to the exercises. Example: aandete geniet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
have supper halfagt nm.
opstaan get up ontbyt eet have breakfast gaan werk go to work tee drink have morning tea huis toe gaan go home nuus luister listen to the news bad hath gaan slaap go to sleep
Language patterns Verbs and tenses A l l languages have verbs (doing words) and nouns (naming words) in their grammar. In fact, if you know lots of nouns and verbs in another language you should be able to make yourself understood in that language. For example, if you want to say in Afrikaans that someone's dog is going to bite you, you really only need to know the two words hond (dog) and byt (hite) to get across your fear and acquire the listener's help. This 'telegraphic' style is the way in which children talk when they are learning to speak a language. N o w you can see why it is so important to learn as much vocabulary as possible and the reason there are so many vocabulary lists throughout this book. Without the vocabulary you w i l l be able to say, and thus communicate, little; you will understand even less of what is said to you, even if you know all the 'grammar' rules. Throughout this book you w i l l be concentrating on nouns and verbs. In this unit we will be focusing on verbs and the way in which verbs tell the time at which something is done.
1 Verbs Verbs are the 'heart' of any sentence - that part of a sentence which makes the sentence 'alive', so to speak. Verbs are often
described as the 'doing' words in a sentence in that they describe/state what someone or something is doing. For example: Sannie and Piet are sleeping. M r Smit went to work. M r s Smit greets Ouma. The cousins will arrive late. The 'verb' in a sentence may be made up of more than one word - a word (the 'main' verb) which describes an action, something being done - and other bits which in English, because it is our first language, we sense belong to the 'main' verb. Because Afrikaans is foreign to us, we might find that we do not have the same kind of intuitive feeling when it comes to the parts of Afrikaans verbs. In Unit 12, you will meet these bits and pieces of the verb, more formally. In Afrikaans, the same form of the verb is used for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person, whether the doer is singular or plural, or masculine, feminine or neuter. In English, the verb form may change. For example, compare the following sentences: Ek spring. Die padda spring. Sannie spring. Piet spring. Die prys spring.
I jump. The frog jumps. Sannie jumps. Piet jumps. The price jumps.
2 Tenses A l l languages allow for telling about things that are happening in the present, happened in the past and will happen in the future. Some languages, like English, allow a variety of tenses; for example, the present continuous (You are reading slowly), the past continuous (She was reading) and the perfect (I have done it). These forms are not available in Afrikaans - you will learn how to deal with them in Unit 12. Afrikaans is much simpler and basically has the three main tenses: past, present and future: Verlede Teenwoordig
Past
What happened previously.
Present
What is happening now.
Toekomende
Future
What will happen in the future.
Present t e n s e
Use this tense when you want to talk about things that are happening now. As noted earlier in this unit, the same form of the verb is used throughout for all persons in both the singular and plural. Ek/Sannie/ Die onderwyser loop. Ek/Sannie/ Die onderwyser lees. Ek/Sannie/ Die onderwyser werk,
I walkJSannie/ The teacher walks. I readJSannie/ The teacher reads. I work./Sannie/ The teacher works.
Ons/Julle/Hulle loop. Ons/Julle/Hulle lees. Ons/Julle/Hulle werk.
We/You/They walk. We/You/They read. We/You/They work.
Note Self-correcting e x e r c i s e s
We have said before that part of learning a new language is learning its words and learning its 'sound'. Self-correcting exercises are indispensable when you need to acquire the sound and tense patterns of Afrikaans (or any other 'foreign' language) sentences. The advantage of these exercises is that you cannot give a wrong answer, and that by repeating large numbers of correct answers, your ears become attuned to the noise/sound of the structure you are practising. The tables in Exercises 5, 6 and 7 are all self-correcting exercises. In such exercises, make a new sentence each time by choosing an alternative form from each column. As long as you read from left to right and choose one word from each column, you can't make a mistake. To help you along, sentences compiled from each of the three following exercises have been recorded. As you work on each of the tenses, listen carefully to the appropriate set of sentences and practise them and compile others from the tables. These are important exercises if you want to get the feel of Afrikaans. Q
Exercise 5
Use Table 1 to compose orally as many new present-tense sentences as you can. Y o u can make a possible 125 sentences! Example: Elke dag ry ek dorp toe. Elke oggend loop ek stasie toe.
Every day I travel to town. (Every day travel I town to.) Every morning I walk to the station.
Elke
dag more middag aand oggend
Table 1 Teenwoordige tyd
ry stap loop draf wandel
ek
dorp winkel kafee stasie poskantoor
toe.
Present tense
elke every, each *y travel stap walk loop walk draf jog wandeS stroll
dorp winkel kafee stasie poskantoor toe
town shop café station post office to
Additional vocabulary
From this point on, you will find that exercises and cultural practice notes frequently include extra vocabulary lists. These are provided in the belief that without an adequate vocabulary, no one can speak a language even if he/she might be able to explain the grammar of that language. The function of any grammar is to organize the meaning of what someone is saying so that another person who shares the language with the speaker/writer can understand it. D o not be tempted to skip learning the vocabulary. The more words you know and understand, the faster you w i l l acquire Afrikaans. M a n y of the vocabulary items are also recorded. Practise the words and listen to them and their English equivalents often. A t this stage, you should be concentrating more on speech than on writing, so do not focus on the spelling of the words, but on sound and meaning. Past tense
In English, the regular way in which to form the past tense is to add the particle -ed to the (main) verb (the word that names the action); i.e. Today I skip (present tense). Yesterday I skipped (past tense). The regular way to form the past tense in Afrikaans is to use the particle het and to attach the particle ge- to the 'main' verb. For example:
Ek/Sannie/ I/Sannie/ Die onderwyser het geloop. The teacher walked. Ek/Sannie/ I/Sannie/ Die onderwyser het gelees. The teacher read. Ek/Sannie/ I/Sannie/ Die onderwyser het gewerk. The teacher worked. Verbs that begin with ver-, be-, ont- and her- don't add the ge- particle. For example: Ek het my boeke verkoop. Ek het vir my boeke betaal. H y het haar verjaarsdag onthou.
I sold my books. I paid for my books. He remembered her birthday.
Sy het my herken.
She recognized me.
Q
Exercise 6
Use Table 2 to compose orally as many new past tense sentences as you can.
Ek
het
Table 2 Verlede tyd
vandag gister verlede week verlede maand gisteraand elke dag
geswem. gehardloop. huiswerk gedoen. my ma gehelp. roomys gekoop. my boeke gelees. klavier gespeel.
Past tense
Note
You can make a possible 42 sentences from Table 2. Example: Ek het gister my ma gehelp. I helped my mother yesterday. Ek het elke dag klavier gespeel. I played the piano every day. verlede week maand gisteraand vandag gister geswem gehardloop
last week month last night today yesterday swam ran
huiswerk gedoen gehelp roomys gekoop gelees klavier gespeel
housework did helped ice cream bought read piano played
Future tense
In English we form the future tense by adding shall or will to the (main) verb; i.e. Tomorrow I shall skip or Tomorrow Vasu will skip. In Afrikaans we add the word sal to the 'main' verb when we wish to use the future tense. For example: Ek/Sannie/ Die onderwyser sal loop. Ek/Sannie/ Die onderwyser sal lees. Ek/Sannie/ Die onderwyser sal werk. U
I shall walk./Sannie/ The teacher will walk. I shall readJSannie/ The teacher will read. I shall workJSannie/ The teacher will work.
Exercise 7
Use Table 3 to compose orally as many new future tense sentences as you can.
Ons Hulle Ons kinders Piet Ma
sal
jou help. die koppies was. kos kook. die Juffrou groet. tuis bly. die huis skoonmaak. kom groet. gou weer kom kuier.
Table 3 Toekomende tyd Future tense Note
You can make a possible 40 sentences from Table 3. Example: Ons sal die Juffrou groet. Piet sal die huis skoonmaak. koppies kos kook tuis huis
We will greet the teacher. Piet will clean the house.
cups and saucers skoonmaak kom groet food to cook home house
gou weer kuier
to clean to come and say goodbye soon again visit
Exercise 8
Write each of the following present tense sentences firstly in the past tense and then in the future tense. Example: Ek kook die kos. —• Ek het die kos gekook. —• Ek sal die kos kook. 1 2 3 4 5
E k sien die seun. Pa lees die boek. Sannie en haar ma maak die huis skoon. Pa koop vir Sannie en Piet ' n roomys. Ouma en Oupa kuier by ons.
Language patterns 9
The forms of the verb 'to he in Afrikaans Most languages have a verb to he. This verb refers literally to 'being alive', existing. The forms in Afrikaans and English are: Present is
Past am/is/are
was
Future was/were
sal wees
shall he/will be
You will notice that in the past and the future tenses, the verb to he has its own unique forms, for example: Present
Past
Future
Piet is laat. Hulle is laat.
Piet w a s laat. Hulle w a s laat.
Piet sal laat w e e s . Hulle s a ! laat w e e s .
In the examples above, the forms of the verb to he are 'main' verbs in that they are naming the action of being, existence. Y o u will meet these forms again i n Unit 12, when we talk about auxiliary and modal verbs i n Afrikaans. For now, note only that, as in English, the verb 'to be' forms are often used with other 'main' verbs (as auxiliary/helping verbs) to complete verb phrases. For example:
Piet sal sy badwater netnou intap.
Piet will run bis bath water in a while.
will and sal = auxiliary verbs run and intap = main verbs will run and sal intap = full verbs
• Dialogue 2 This conversation takes place amongst a group of adults of different professional status and different degrees of friendship. Jan Willem Jan mnr. du Plessis Willem mnr. du Plessis
More, Willem. Hoe gaan dit? More, J a n . G o e d , dankie. En met jou? Beter nou dat dit koeler is! Goeiemore, mnr. du Plessis. Hoe gaan dit met u? G o e d , dankie, J a n . More, Willem. Goeiemore, Meneer. G o e d . O n s beter aan die werk spring.
goed, dankie fine, thanks koeler beter better aan die w e r k spring
cooler get to work
• Dialogue 3 M r s Smit phones the butcher at nine o'clock to order meat for a barbecue. 'n man se stem mev. S m i t mnr. Mohamad mev. Smit
mnr. Mohamed
Salim se slaghuis. Goeiemore. Goeiemore, mnr. Mohamed. Dit is mev. Smit wat praat. Hoe gaan dit met u? Goeiemore, Mevrou. Lekker, dankie. Hoe kan ek u help? Kan ek asseblief vleis bestel vir 'n braai vanaand? Ek wil graag agt tjoppies hê, een kilogram boerewors en vier hoender sosaties. G o e d , Mevrou. Ek sal u pakkie teen middagete aflewer.
mev. Smit mnr. Mohamed man se stem slaghuis praat vleis bestel braai graag tjoppies
Dankie, Meneer. Ek sal die bestuurder betaal. Totsiens. Totsiens, Mevrou. Geniet die braai. man's voice butchery speaking meat order barbecue willingly lamb chops
hê boerewors hoender sosaties pakkie teen bestuurder betaal geniet
want farm sausage chicken kebabs parcel by driver pay enjoy
Exercise 9 Dialogue 3 between M r s Smit and M r M o h a m e d can be used as a template to p l a n other telephone orders. Use the vocabulary boxes to help you to fill in the gaps in the following dialogue in which M r s Smit telephones the pharmacy to place a n order for aspirine, tandepasta, watte, salf, pleisters (you m a y list these items in any order). She asks the chemist, M r P a i n , to deliver them to her by 3 p . m . 'n man se stem mev. Smit mnr. Pain mev. Smit
mnr. Pain mev. Smit
mnr. Pain
se . Goeiemdre. Goeiemóre, mnr. . Dit is mev. Smit wat praat. Hoe gaan dit met u? Goeiemóre, Mevrou. Lekker, dankie. Hoe kan ek u help? Kan ek asseblief 'n paar items bestel? Ek wil graag , , , , en hê. G o e d , Mevrou. Ek sal u pakkie teen vyfuur aflewer. Dankie, Meneer. Maar kan u asseblief teen aflewer? Ek sal die bestuurder betaal. Totsiens. Totsiens, Mevrou. Geniet die dag.
apteek pharmacy aspirine aspirin tandepasta toothpaste watte cotton wool Exercise
salf pleisters apteker
ointment plasters chemist/ pharmacist
10
1 Look at the following collage, in which there are 12 people doing different things. The Afrikaans terms for these people are: musikant tennisspeler skeepskaptein soldaat
bakker danser dokter onderwyser
Sanger verkeerskonstabel verpleegster visserman
2 M o s t of the Afrikaans words are similar to English ones. Write down the list of English equivalents next to the Afrikaans words. (You w i l l be able to work out the unfamiliar ones by a process of elimination!) 3 A l l the people in the collage are numbered. M a t c h the letters in the collage with the correct Afrikaans terms.
asseblief, dankie
please, thank you
In this unit you will learn • the parts of the body • how to form plurals • the ranking numbers • about homes • some question words • about polite behaviour
O
Knowing how to behave appropriately
Making small talk and knowing polite forms of address are two of the social graces we have to learn. This is not always so easy to do in a foreign language situation. Yet it is a lack of these social graces which leads to others thinking we are rude or abrupt. It is thus essential that you acquire the culturally prescribed social behaviour in tandem with the language forms. In Afrikaans, as in English, there are certain words which are used in certain contexts. The practice is similar to the way in which we speak of 'pork' rather than 'pig meat' and ' b e e f rather than 'cow meat' in English. The practices represent cultural conventions. The following are some examples of what would be considered social faux pas in Afrikaans: • If you want to shake hands with an Afrikaans bond, be sure to skud its poot not its hand! • A n animal (dier) has vier pote (paws) not twee hande en twee voete, as mense do. • If you want to kiss the budgie 'Hello', you will kiss its bek (beak) not its mond (mouth). • Stroke the cat's or the dog's pens (belly), not its maag (stomach).
'n mens (a person) Liggaamsdele (Parts of the body)
• Give your guests food to eet (eat), and your pets food to vreet (eat). • Even if 'she' is an old crone, you still can't call her hands kloue (claws) or her nose a bek (beak). • People have boude (rumps), animals have sterte (tails, backsides). Never use the word stert for a person - you would be considered to be swearing at them!
Language patterns Plural forms Plurals in Afrikaans are most commonly formed by adding the letter -e to the end of a word: Singular vlerk (wing) voet (foot) klou (claw) neus (nose)
Arende het baie groot vlerke. Reuse het groot voete en hande. Die skaapboude was baie lekker. Hekse het baie lang neuse.
Plural vlerke (wings) voete (feet) kloue (claws) neuse (noses)
Eagles have enormous wings. Giants have large hands and feet. The legs of lamb were delicious. Witches have very long noses.
Spelling conventions In Afrikaans, there are several spelling conventions which relate to the length of the vowel and whether vowels fall together when plurals are formed. Y o u should learn these forms. • When a noun has a short vowel (only one before a word-final consonant), the consonant at the end is doubled before the plural-e is added: Singular kop (head) bek (mouth, snout) nek (neck)
Plural koppe (heads) bekke (mouths, snouts) nekke (necks)
Die honde krap hulle koppe. The dogs scratch their heads. Die nekke van kameelperde Giraffes' necks are long. is lank.
Suikervoëls het lang, skerp bekke.
Cape sugar birds have long, sharp beaks.
• When a noun has twin vowels (like aa, ee, oo, uu) before a word-final consonant, the vowel is shortened before the plural -e is added: Singular poot (paw) been (leg) oor (ear)
M y ore is seer. Diere het vier pote en dikwels twintig tone. Voëls en mense het net twee bene.
Plural pote (paws) bene (legs) ore (ears)
My ears are sore. Animals have four paws and often twenty toes. Birds and people have only two legs.
Some nouns arbitrarily add an -s to form plurals - you will have to learn these words as you encounter them: Singular seun (son, boy) dogter (daughter, girl) voël (bird)
Voëls lê eiers en uit die kom hulle kuikens. Die seuns en die dogters werk almal saam. Die kinders se ouers is mnr. en mev. Smit. Ek het my vingers op die stoof gebrand.
Plural seuns (sons, boys) dogters (daughters, girls) voëls (birds)
Birds lay eggs and out of these come their chicks. The boys and the girls all work together. The children's parents are Mr and Mrs Smit. I burnt my fingers on the stove.
A few nouns change their forms exceptionally, and these too you will have to learn as you come across them. Two dots ('trema') are placed above the -e to show that the -e is to be pronounced as a separate syllable/sound. Singular oog (eye)
M y oog is seer. M y oë is seer.
Plural oë (eyes)
My eye is sore. My eyes are sore.
Such forms often end on a vowel +-g combination.
Note
-oe-
is a single sound in Afrikaans in words like boek and voet, so if this single sound is not the one to be designated, the dots must be used to split the single sound into two, o-e. The -ee sound is also a single-syllable Afrikaans sound, and has to be distinguished from e-e, two syllables. The dots frequently distinguish words of different meaning. Compare voel (to feel) and voël (a bird) and leer (to learn, a ladder, leather) and leër (an army, the armed forces).
kop hand stert vinger oog toon neus klou rnond voet bek poot nek been oor boud snor pens arm vlerk veer troeteldier vlieg
koppe hande sterte vingers oë tone neuse kloue monde voete bekke pote nekke bene ore boude snorre pense arms vlerke vere troeteldiere vlieë
head/s hand/s tail/s finger/s eye/s toe/s nose/s claw/s mouth/s foot/feet beak/s, snout/s paw/s neck/s leg/legs ear/s rump/s moustache/s gut/s arm/s wing/s feather/s pet/s fly/flies
Note
In Afrikaans, when you speak of your hair or an animal's fur, use hare. The singular form, haar, is seldom used and can only refer to a single hair. Exercise 1
Choose the correct word from each of the alternatives in the following description.
Die Smits het twee kinder/kinders - een seun/seuns en een dogters/dogter. Die gesin het drie troeteldiere/troeteldiers. Hulle het ' n kat/katte, ' n honde/hond en ' n voël/voëls. Die voëltjies/voëltjie is Sannie s'n en die katte/kat is Piet s'n. Die hond/honde is almal s'n. Die Smits het saam veertig tone/toons op hulle voete/voet en veertig vinger/vingers op hulle hands/hande/hand. Die vier mens/mense het net agt voet/voete/voets saam. Die katte/kat en die hond/honde het agt poot/pote saam en die voëltjies/voëltjie net twee klous/kloue/klou. Maar, ' n voëls/voël kan vlieg want dit het vlerk/vlerke/vlerks.
• Dialogue 1 B a c k at h o m e . Kinders Ma Piet Sannie Pa Ma en kinders Pa Kinders Ma
Hallo, M a m m a . Ons is tuis. Middag, kinders. Hoe was dit by die skool? Lekker, dankie. Ons het in biologie 'n padda opgesny. Ugh! Hoe kan julle? Hoe kan Juffrou Malan? Dag almal. Ek is vandag vroeg tuis. Middag, P a . Hoekom, P a ? Ek was klaar met my werk. Ons kan vanaand braai. Yipee! Dankie.
Piet Pa Sannie
Dis tyd om te bad. More is dit weer skool. Bad jy eerste, Piet. Goed, Ma. Kom sê nag voor julle inklim. Ons sal, P a .
Sannie en Piet Hulle o u e r s
Nag. M a . Nag, P a . Nag, kinders. Lekker slaap.
opgesny* dag almal vroeg hoekom hulle ouers
cut up afternoon all early why their parents
klaar bad eerste inklim
finished bath first get into bed
'opgesny is from opsny. See Unit 11 for more on this type of 'prepositional verb'.
Language patterns
33
w
Q Numerical ranking Ranking numbers mark position. They describe the position of a person, place or thing. Die Franse hardloper het The French runner came tweede gekom in die wedloop. second in the race. Piet is die Smit se eerste kind. Viet is the Smits' first child. Vandag is haar dertigste Today is her thirtieth verj aarsdag. birthday. 6th
sesde
11th
elfde
16th sestiende
2nd tweede
7th
sewende
twaalfde
17th sewentiende
3rd 4th
derde vierde
8th
ag(t)ste
12th 13th
9th
negende
14th
5th
vyfde
10th tiende
15th
dertiende 18th ag(t)tiende veertiende 19th negentiende vyftiende 20th twintigste
40th veertigste 80th tagtigste
50th 90th
vyftigste 60th sestigste negentigste 100th honderdste
1st
eerste
30th dertigste 70th sewentigste
Note
• For most numbers between 2nd and 19th -de is added to the counting number. The exceptions are eerste and agste (or agtste), which are formed by adding -ste. Een becomes eerbefore the -ste is added. Agt can lose its -t and become agbefore -ste is added. • For numbers from 20th to 100th, we add -ste to the 'tens' part of the number - vyftigste (50th), honderdste (100th). • For all other numbers we add the -ste to the last word of the number - sewe duisend, vier honderd, ses-en-sestigste (7,466th); vier-en-twintig duisend, agt honderd en ses-entagtigste (24,886th). • The ranking numbers for numbers i n the hundreds, thousands, etc. which include ranking numbers for tens and units, e.g. 101st to 119th, consist of the hundred/thousand number, then the word for the units or tens numbers: een honderd-en sewende (117 th)^ een honderd-en-dertiende (113th). • Whereas in English we generally add -th to a figure when we wish to write a ranking number in figures, i n Afrikaans we use mostly -ste (sometimes -de). eerste lste Ist tweede 2de 2nd
negentigste 90ste 90th een-en-twintigste 21ste 21st
CO CD
or
a 3
Ca3
Q
Exercise 2
Use Dialogue 1 to answer the following questions. This is the first exercise in which you will answer questions set in Afrikaans, but you will manage! Except for the question words wie? (who?) and watter (which), you have already encountered all of the vocabulary included in the following exercise. The sentences are all written in the past tense, so you can revise this pattern, also. 1 2 3 4 5
Wie was eerste tuis? Wie het tweede gegroet? Wie het laaste by die huis gekom? Watter een van die kinders het tweede gebad? Wie het laaste gaan slaap? (twee mense) <>
Dining room
1
Kitchen
C
J
o>
Bathroom
Piet's room r
3 Lounge
V>
1 Main bedroom
2 Sannie's room
Verandah
Die kamers M a en P a se slaapkamer Piet se slaapkamer Sannie se slaapkamer die eetkamer die sitkamer die kombuis die stort die badkamer die toilet
j
Icon
Rooms
LI
Exercise 3
Look at the floor plan of the Smit house, opposite. The plan is labelled in English. The table lists the rooms in Afrikaans. Use the icons to help you associate the rooms on the floor plan with the list of Afrikaans terms. Complete the table by inserting the English translation.
Language patterns Q Question words Question words are those we use to get information from other people. In English we would begin a question with words like who? what? when? where? how many? and which? to name but a few. Question words in Afrikaans include: hoeveel? waar? hoe laat? wie? wat?
how many/much? wanneer? where? hoe? what time? van waiter? who? waarop? what? watter?
Hoeveel slaapkamers is daar in die Smits se huis? Daar is drie slaapkamers. Wanneer slaap ons? Ons slaap in die nag. Van watter musiek hou jy? Ek hou van jazz. Hoe laat staan jy op? Ek staan vyfuur op. Wat is mnr. en mev. Smit se voorname? Hulle voorname is Jan en Marie.
when? how? of/from which? on what? which?
How many bedrooms are there in the Smits' home? There are three bedrooms. When do we sleep? We sleep at night. What music do you like? I like jazz. What time do you get up? I get up at five o'clock. What are Mr and Mrs Smit's first names? Their first names are Jan and Marie.
hou van
like
• Learn by heart the following two questions: Die hoeveelste is dit vandag? What is the date today? Wat/ Hoe is jou naam? What is your name? (Hoe is jou naam is grammatically correct, but not often used).
Q
Exercise 4
Fill in the correct Afrikaans words in the spaces below. A l l the answers in this exercise are drawn from vocabulary you have met before. The exercise also shows you how questions are formed and the kinds of answers they might elicit. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Waar eet ons? Ons eet i n die . Waar kook ons die kos? Ons kook die kos in die _ _ _ _ _ . Waar sit ons en lees? Ons sit in die en lees. Hoeveel toilette is daar in die huis? Daar is net _ _ _ _ _ _ toilet. Wanneer eet ons ontbyt? Ons eet ontbyt i n die _ _ _ _ _ . Watter kamer is die kleinste in die huis? Die is die kleinste kamer in die huis.
Exercise 5
When the Smits moved into their house, they labelled each piece of furniture with the name of the room in which it belonged. M r Smit also drew up a table listing the furniture contents for the supervisor to use as a checklist. Use the following table, together with the vocabulary box below, to draw up M r Smit's list. Vertrekke 1 2 3 4 5 6
Meubels
kombuis eetkamer sitkamer slaapkamer 1 slaapkamer 2 slaapkamer 3
vertrek spieëltafel lessenaar klavier dubbelbed stoof enkelbed yskas boekrak
vertrekke spieëltafels meubels lessenaars klaviers dubbelbeddens stowe enkelbeddens yskaste boekrakke
room/s dressing table/s furniture desk/s piano/s double bed/s stove/s single bed/s fridge/s bookcase/s
bank pophuis tafel huisplant ketel stoel TV draadloos
banke pophuise tafels huisplante ketels stoele TVs draadlose
couch/es doll's house/s table/s house plant/s kettle/s chair/s TV/s radio/s (lit. 'wireless')
• Dialogue 2 'If I'd k n o w n you were coming I'd have baked a cake!' D o you remember the words of this old song? Piet and Sannie decide to surprise their mum who is out visiting. It all starts with Piet's ever-growling hungry stomach. Piet Sannie Piet Sannie Piet Sannie
Waar is M a ? Ek is honger. M a is by vriende en sal vyfuur by die huis wees. Dit is nou twee-uur. K o m ons bak 'n koek, 'n sjokoiadekoek, Nou goed, maar waar is M a se resepte boek? Ons het nie 'n resep nodig nie! Waar is die sout en peper? A g Piet! Moenie so dom wees nie. Vir 'n koek het ons eiers, melk, water, botter, sjokolade en suiker nodig.
The children mix the ingredients together. They put the cake in the oven. After an hour the cake has still not risen. Sannie and Piet think that the oven is still not hot enough. Sannie Piet (laggend)
Oooh, ons is maar baie d o m ! 'n Koek het bakpoeier nodig om te rys. Wie gee o m ? Nou het ons sjokoladepoeding!
honger vriende bak sjokoladekoek nou goed resep/resepte resepte boek het nodig sout en peper
hungry meng bestandele friends bake saarn chocolate cake oond OK nog nie recipe/s rys dink recipe book have necessary (lit. need) warm salt and pepper genoeg
mix ingredients together oven not yet rise think hot enough
moenie/moet nie so dom eiers suiker
baie don't/do not hakpoeier so silly laggend eggs sugar Wie gee om?
very baking powder laughing Who cares?
Exercise 6 1 Answer the following questions based on Dialogue 2: a b c d e f
Where has Piet and Sannie's mother gone? What time w i l l she be home? Whose recipe book are they looking for? What ingredients does Piet think they need? Who is silly? What do the children forget to put i n the cake?
2 Give the Afrikaans question words for each of the English question words which appear i n italics i n Question 1.
O Mealtimes Many Afrikaners still have three meals a day. They have breakfast and supper together and lunch at school or work with people other than their family members. At weekends, however, most meals are taken together. Mealtimes are important o c c a s i o n s for family gatherings. The three main meals are: ontbyt middagete aandete
(breakfast) (lunch) (supper)
sewe-uur eenuur sesuur
(seven o'clock) (one o'clock) (six o'clock)
Look at the following table of favourite South African foods. This gives you another opportunity for practising your plurals. Vrugte appel/s perske/s vy/e pruim/e druiwe tamatie/s piesang/s peer/pere
Fruits apple/s peach/es fig/s plum/s grape/s tomato/es banana/s pear/s
Groente aartappel/s ertjie/s boontjie/s kool pampoen/e ui/e raap/rape wortel/s Vleis beesvleis skaapboud/e varktjop/s spek wors hoender/s niertjie/s maalvleis brood konfyt kaas rbrood
Vegetables potato/es pea/s bean/s cabbage/s pumpkin/s onion/s turnip/s carrot/s Meats beef leg/s of lamb pork chop/s bacon sausage/s chicken/s kldney/s mince
Other favourites include: bread eier/s egg/s jam/s pap porridge cheese/s sap/pe juice/s toast smeer spread/s
You will note that i n some cases English has a plural form, while Afrikaans does not. In English, for example, we have the plural forms cabbages, sausages, jams, cheeses, spreads. There are no equivalent plurals in Afrikaans. In Afrikaans, cabbages are described as koppe kool (heads of cabbage); jams, cheeses, spreads and sausages are described in terms of words like soorte (kinds, varieties). Wors is also frequently used with the word stukke (pieces). Brood/brode (bread), on the other hand, has a plural in Afrikaans but not in English. This is because we qualify the word 'bread' in English with the word loaf, which has a plural form: ses brode
six loaves of bread (literally 'six breads').
You w i l l just have to learn the odd ones as you work through the book.
Exercise 7
Use the vocabulary above to compile, i n Afrikaans, a l l the foods that might find their w a y o n to menus for breakfast, lunch and supper.
Q
O
Teatime - all about coffee
While we might speak in South Africa of 'teatime' at ten o'clock and four o'clock, it is coffee which is drunk by most Afrikaners and many other South Africans. Afrikaners wake up to coffee and a rusk in the morning. The first cup of coffee is drunk while still in bed - not surprising then that coffee is known as boeretroos' {farmers comfort). Rusks are oven-dried strips (fingers) of bread, sometimes sweetened, and are dunked into the coffee as a kind of pre-breakfast snack. 3
South African ground coffee is generally not a s strong as Italian, French or Belgian coffee, for example, and nowhere near as strong as Arabic coffee. It is drunk in large cups or mugs and most often black and well sugared. South Africans who like 'white' coffee almost never use cream. They add milk and often hot milk at that! teetyd koffie boerebeskutt moer sterk Italiaanse room
Arabiese beker swart wit Franse Belgiese
teatime coffee rusks ground (coffee) strong Italian cream
Arabic mug black white French Belgian
D Teatime - all about food Whereas food taken with tea is generally 'light' (sandwiches, butter biscuits, shortbread), the food which accompanies coffee is far heavier and richer: chocolate cake, fruitcake, banana loaf, carrot cake, jam tarts, etc. vrugtekoek piesangbrood wortelkoek tertjies
fruitcake banana loaf carrot cake jam tarts
toebroodjies soetkoekies brosbrood
sandwiches butter biscuits shortbread
D Teatime - on having a tea party When very close friends and family members 'pop in' (Afrikaners generally keep open house), they often sit informally in the kitchen to have a cup of coffee and a rusk - and a chat. In a more formal situation, the hostess is likely to set a formal tea table, rather than serve in the lounge. The guests are then able to fill up their side plates with their choice from the table. besoekers 'n draaimaak opehuis gasvrou dek bedien gaste kleinbordjies keuse
visitors pop in open house hostess set serve guests side plates choice
B Polite behaviour at meals We have commented before on the importance Afrikaners place on polite forms of behaviour. Mealtimes have their own particular practices. Meals customarily begin and end with grace. The closest equivalent to the French expression bon appétit in Afrikaans is lekker eet (eat nice), but this is a fairly recent innovation. It is much more customary for the partakers of the meal to compliment their hostess during or after the meal. Saying 'please' and 'thank you' is an integral part of the mealtimes. Listen to the following dialogue. Notice how people ask for things, how they say 'thank you' and how they excuse themselves when they wish to interrupt or leave the table.
Dialogue 3 Sannie Tannie Mina Sannie
Kan ek u iets aangee, Tannie? Die sout en peper asseblief, Sannie. Wat kan ek vir jou aangee? Kan ek asseblief die hotter kry wanneer P a daarmee klaar is?
Oom Gert Ma Oom Gert Piet Ma Piet en Sannie Pa Ma Sannie Ma iets aangee asseblief daarmee klaar hierdie
Q
Hierdie konfyt is baie lekker, Marie. Het jy dit self gemaak? Dankie, Gert. J a , ek het. Wil jy koffie hê, Gert? J a , asseblief, Marie. Dit sal lekker wees. Nee dankie. Geen suiker vir my nie, J a n . Verskoon my, Oom Gert. Kan ek asseblief melk kry, Mamma? J a seker, Piet. En jy, Sannie? Dankie, M a . Marie, dit was 'n heerlike ontbyt. Baie dankie. Dis 'n plesier, J a n . Julie is welkom. M a g ek die tafel verlaat, M a m m a ? J a , seker, Sannie. something pass please/thank with it finished this
verskoon my kry you heeriik plesier seker verlaat
excuse me get delicious pleasure certainly leave
Exercise 8
You are at a tea party. Respond to the other guests according to the prompts. Mrs Smit You Mrs Smit You Mrs Smit
Sal jy tee of koffie neem? Say 'Coffee, please. Thank you/ Kry iets om te eet. Say Thank you. VII have a piece of cake. Kry 'n kleinbordjie.
You
Say Thank you. I will. May I have the sugar, please?'
You
Say That was delicious.
9
Thank you very much.'
7T (D
7T
In this unit you will learn • about the diverse South African cultures • about the use of the infinitive in Afrikaans • time, manner, place, word order in Afrikaans • about compounds
• Dialogue 1 Listen to the following dialogue, in which members of the rich variety of South African cultural groups introduce themselves to you. This is rather a long dialogue, so you w i l l need to listen to it several times. M o s t of the dialogue is in the present tense, as a reminder. Y o u have also met most of the words before. Willem Ben Koos Andries
Xai
Nadira
Famieda
Sithole, Vuyo en Nothandu
Ek is 'n bruinman, 'n ' K a a p s e Kieurling'. M y huistaal is Afrikaans. Ek is 'n Christen. Ek is 'n Maleier. Ek woon ook in die Kaap. My huistaal is ook Afrikaans. Ek is Islamies. Ek is 'n Afrikaner boer van die Vrystaat. Ek is ook 'n Christen. Ek is 'n bruinman; 'n Griekwa, een van die Khoimense. Ek woon in die Vrystaat, langs die Garieprivier (die Oranjerivier s o o s die boere dit genoem het). Die woord 'Gariep' is 'n Khoi woord. Ek is ook 'n Christen en my huistaal is ook Afrikaans. Ek is, wat die witmense noem, 'n Boesman. Ons mense noem ons self die S a n . Ek woon in die Noord-Kaap en in die Kalahariwoestyn. My huistaal is S a n , maar soos die meeste mense van die Sanmense, praat ek ook goed Afrikaans. Ons het ons eie tradisionele geloof. Ek is 'n Indiër vrou. Ek woon in Durban in die KwaZulu-Natal provinsie. Ek het familie wat in Gauteng en in Port Elizabeth in die Ooskaap woon. M y geloof is Hindu. Die meeste Indiërs praat Engels as hulle huistaal en ken nie meer hulle erfenistale s o o s Hindi en Tamil en Gujerati nie. Ek is ook 'n Indiër vrou en ek woon ook in Durban, maar my geloof is Islam. My huistaal is ook Engels, maar my gelooftaal is Arabies. O n s is almal inheemse mense. Ons is Zulu, X h o s a en Basotho, onderskeidelik. Ons praat amper almal meer as twee tale. Ons praat almal ons eie taal isiZulu, isiXhosa, Sesotho, onderskeidelik - en een of twee ander 'swarttale' en Engels en/of Afrikaans. Die meeste inheemse mense is Christene, maar daar is van ons mense wat die ou geloof nog volg.
bruinman kleurling huistaal Maleier Vrystaat Griekwa rivier Boesman noord woestyn geloof meeste erfenis Arabies inheemse onderskeidelik amper swarttale volg
'coloured', 'of mixed race' coloured home language Malay Free State Griqua river Bushman north/northern desert religion/belief most heritage Arabic (language) indigenous respectively nearly 'black' languages follow
Exercise 1
Check your knowledge of the peoples of South Africa based on Dialogue 1. 1 Which two people are Islamic? 2 The members of which three tribal groups participate in the dialogue? 3 Where do the Malays live? 4 In which three provinces do most Indians live? 5 Which four people claim Afrikaans as their first language? 6 What is the preferred name for Bushman? 7 What is the preferred name for Griquas? Exercise 2
Use the question words you learnt in Unit 3 to complete the following questions, which are all based on the above dialogue. The English question forms are there to help you. Example: is ' n bruinman? —• Wie is 'n bruinman? ( 'coloured'? —• Who is a coloured?)
is a
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9
is Willem se huistaal? {What?) woon Ben? [Where?) is X a i se geloof? {What?) tale praat die inheemse mense? (Which?) huistaal is San? (Whose?) woon die Griekwas? (Where?) tale praat die meeste inheemse mense? (How many?) erfenistale is H i n d i , Tamil en Gujerati? (Whose?) is KOOS se werk? (What?)
O Fishing for a living, and all the dangers it entails, is the way of life for a large portion of the Cape Coloureds. All round the southern and west coasts of South Africa there are tiny, quaint villages, reminiscent of fishing villages the world over. Some of the fisherfolk fish independently from tiny frail boats, while others work for the large fish production companies based mainly on the West Coast and at Southern Cape harbours.
• Going deep-sea fishing Listen to and read along with the following story about a fishing trip o n the west coast. V i r die Kaapse Kleurling is visvang werk. Kaptein Bruinders is i n bevel van 'n moderne vissersboot. A a n die mas v a n die boot hang daar groot nette. Visse word nie een-vir-een gevang nie, m a a r duisende der duisende o p ' n slag. Kaptein Bruinders gee die teken o m die anker te l i g . N a ' n uur se seil, gee Kaptein Bruinders die bevel o m die nette i n die water te gooL Die vissers m a a k rooi vlaggies a a n die nette vas voordat hulle dit i n die water gooi. Wanneer hulle terug seil n a die nette, vind hulle dat hulle vol duisend* der duisende sardientjies is. Die nette w o r d leeggemaak binne die koel skeepsruim. Wanneer al die nette ingetrek is, seil hulle weer terug H o u t b a a i toe. D a a r word die sardientjies by die fabriek afgelaai o m behandel te word voordat dit verkoop w o r d . Vis is goedkoop i n Suid-Afrika en k a n elke dag vars gekoop word by h a wens en o p die strande direk v a n privaat vissermans af. Elke visser moet ' n lisensie hê o m te k a n visvang - al is dit net vir pret. * Omitted from the recording.
visvang bevel vissersboot mas een-vir-een slag teken anker seil gooi rooi vlaggies vasmaak voordat pret
fishing command trawler mast one by one at one go sign anchor sail throw red little flags fasten before fun
duisende sardientjies leegmaak (V) skeepsrulm intrek fabriek aflaai behandel verkoop goedkoop elke vars hawens strand lisensie
thousands sardines empty ship's hold pull in factory offload to process sell cheap each fresh harbours beach licence
Language patterns Infinitives In English, infinitive verbs are recognizable by the word to, which always precedes the 'main' verb - to run, to talk, to be. Infinitives (inf) can never be the only verb form i n a sentence. There is always another verb form i n the sentence to mark the tense of the action - She wants (V) to sing (inf) that song. YOU can see that infinitives, in fact, have no tense. Afrikaans infinitives are similar to English infinitives, except that there are at least two forms of the infinitive i n Afrikaans, one with om te and the other with just te. The te, whether it occurs on its own or with om, always comes just before the 'main' verb.
Om te fin order to') Look at the following Afrikaans phrases and their English equivalents: om te om om om
die nette i n die water gooi vis te vang te seil behandel te word
to throw the nets into the water to fish to sail to be processed
Notice that in each case the infinitive i n Afrikaans is made up of om te + verb.
These examples represent the most common form of the infinitive. Notice also that the particle om may occur some distance from its complement piece, te (see the first, second and fourth examples, above). The position of om is dictated by the verb preceding it and the position of the te by the verb itself. 9
Te on its own ('to )
1 The words behoort {ought) and hoef (need), as they do in English, take an infinitive to complete their meaning: a Jy behoort jou tuin nou nat te gooi. b Jy hoef dit nie te doen nie.
You ought to water your garden now. You need not do it.
2 The words met (with) and deur (by) when they are used in the following ways require te + verb: c Deur die vis te vries bly dit vars. d Deur hard te oefen, het hulle gewen. e D i t het niks met jou te doen nie.
By freezing the fish it stays fresh. By practising hard, they won. It has nothing to do with you.
Note
• In b, above, there is no to in the English version; • In c and d, above, the infinitive is reflected in English as an -ing form. This is common when deur is used in the Afrikaans. Q
Exercise 3
To attune your ear and mind to the Afrikaans infinitive pattern, use the following self-correcting exercise. Compose orally as many new sentences as you can. (You can make a possible 84 sentences.)
Ek Sy Hulle Thabo
wil
jou horn haar
nie dwing
dwing force luister listen afhandel complete
dit nie te doen te luister die werk af te handel om te sing rugby te speel die toets af te lê op te hou lekkers eet
aflê ophou lekkers
nie.
sit (the test) to stop sweets
Exercise 4
Fill in either om te or te in the following sentences. Remember that sometimes the om and te are separated from one another. Example: Jy hoef dit nie doen nie. Jy hoef dit nie te doen nie. Die kinders help die tafel dek. —• Die kinders help om die tafel te dek. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ons hou daarvan reis. braai is lekker. Die kinders het probeer ' n koek bak. Ek moet ophou met rook. Deur hard werk, het Sannie gewen. Die kaptein hoef nie nou seil nie. Hulle het gekom groet. Hulle behoort vandag kom.
Language patterns Word order 1: time, manner, place In English the word order of a sentence, particularly that of the subject ('doer') and the verb (action), doesn't change when we move other parts of a sentence around. Thus, we can say, I am going to town this afternoon or This afternoon I am going to town. In Afrikaans, however, moving a phrase around changes the word order of the subject and the verb. In Afrikaans, there are two ways in which the word order may change from the basic Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) sequence, which is the same in Afrikaans as it is in English: [Die hond] (S) jaag (V) [die eend] (O). [Die voëls] (S) het (V) [die saad](0) geëet.
[The dog] (S) chases (V) [the duck] (O). [The birds](S) ate(V) [the seed](0).
Some changes occur in simple sentences - S V O sentences - and others i n complex sentences - sentences made up of combinations of S V O sentences. In this unit we will be looking at the word-order change which arises from the positioning of Time, Manner, and Place phrases, which say when, how or where something is done. This type of word-order change occurs in simple sentences whether they are used on their own or as part of longer complex sentences. (We will deal with word-order changes which arise i n complex sentences in Unit 10.)
In Afrikaans, Time, Manner and Place are called Tyd (T), Wyse (W), Plek (P), respectively. The order of these phrases within a sentence is strict in Afrikaans. The order is always Tyd, Wyse, Plek. If the sentence contains only two of these phrases we still follow this order. For example: Sannie speel vandag (T) Sannie is playing in the in die huis (P). house (P) today (T). Piet het gister (T) lekker (W) Piet played happily (M) in die tuin (P) gewerk. in the garden (P) yesterday (T). M a sal more (T) gou (W) Mum will hake a cake koek bak. quickly (M) tomorrow (T). If we move a Time, Place or Manner phrase to the beginning of a sentence, the verb (or the verb particle) and the subject must swop places. For example: Vandag (T) speel (V) Sannie (S) in die huis (P). Gister (T) het (V part) Piet (S) lekker (W) in die tuin (P) gewerk. More (T) sal (V part) M a (S) gou (W) koek bak. Note
You may move any of the phrases to the beginning of the sentence, but the other two must remain in their fixed order Time, Manner, Place. Die Smits het [gister] [per vliegtuig] [Kaapstad] toe gegaan. —•Gister het die Smits [per vliegtuig] [Kaapstad toe] gegaan. O R Per vliegtuig het die Smits [gister] [Kaapstad toe] gegaan. O R Kaapstad toe het die Smits [gister] [per vliegtuig] gegaan. The Smiths went to Cape Town by plane yesterday. —• Yesterday the Smits went [by plane] [to Cape Town]. O R 'By plane the Smits went [yesterday] [to Cape Town].' O R T o Cape Town the Smits went yesterday by plane. (Note: In direct translation, some of the English sentences sound odd; which is why they have been placed in inverted commas.) 3
Exercise 5
Begin each of the following sentences with the word/s in bold. (Remember that the word order w i l l change.) Example: M a het vroeg gou groente by die mark gaan koop. -+ Vroeg het M a gou groente by die mark gaan koop. 1 Die kinders k o m vroeg v o l pret van die skool af. 2 Die kinders k o m vroeg vol pret van die skool af.
3 Die kinders k o m vroeg vol pret van die skool af. 4 Die Smits het verlede jaar ses weke lekker in gekuier. 5 Die Smits het verlede jaar ses weke lekker in gekuier. 6 Die Smits het verlede jaar ses weke lekker in gekuier. 7 Ons gaan Junie-maand per boot rustig Suid-Afrika 8 Ons gaan Junie-maand per boot rustig Suid-Afrika 9 Ons gaan Junie-maand per boot rustig Suid-Afrika vol pret full of fun kuier visit per boot by boat
rustig reis
Engeland
f ^
Engeland Engeland toe reis. toe reis. toe reis.
restfully travel
• A letter from a friend Listen to the recording while you read the following roundrobin letter from your friend, Bets, who is visiting a South African farm in the Kalahari Desert. Beste Vriende, Ek kuier lekker op Abram se plaas. Abram bet interessante mense wat op sy plaas woon. Hulle word die San yenoem. Xai, is 'n San. Hy praat beide die San taal en vlot Afrikaans. Hy het my baie interessante stories van sy mense vertei Xai en sy mense woon aI lank bier. Xai vertei hoe sy Oupa vroeër wilde diereyejay het. Die San betjakkalse, base en witdsbokke met 'n pyl en booyyeskiet en bet die vleisyebraai. Wanneer vleis skaars was, het biille miere, sprinkane, krieke, akkedisse en soms ook slanyeyeëet Hulle het ook bessies, vruyte en uintfies rowyeëet Water het hulle uit die wortels van plante en tsammasyekry en heuninybier het hulle van heuninyyemaak Die San yebruik tot vanday toe kalbasse om bul water en b>'*r in te hou. Ek weet nie ofek die San se kos sou kon eei nie! Ek hoop dityuan yoed metjulle. Een van die dae is ek weer teruy in Enyeland. Oroete Bets
interessant noem beide vertel vroeër jag jakkalse hase wildsbokke pyl en boog skiet skaars miere
interesting named both told earlier hunted jackals hares wild buck arrow and bow shoot scarce ants
sprinkane krieke akkedisse slange bessies uintjies rou wortels tsammas heuningbier kalbasse weer
locusts crickets lizards snakes berries edible bulb raw roots melons honey-beer calabashes again
Exercise 6
Use the letter above to help you translate the following sentences into Afrikaans: 1 O n Abram's farm, I am enjoying my holiday (lit. holidaying enjoyably). 2 For a long time Xai's people have lived here. 3 X a i tells how earlier his grandfather hunted w i l d animals. 4 From the roots of plants and tsamma melons they got water. 5 I'll be back in England again one of these days.
Language patterns Compounding You w i l l notice that in Afrikaans there are many 'long' words. This does not mean that they are difficult! In Afrikaans, words are frequently joined to represent one idea, in a sense, to make new words. Such words are commonly called 'compounds' and occur also i n English, but whereas English generally uses hyphens to join words into compounds, Afrikaans joins words. A l l languages seem to use compounding to make new words for new things and ideas. For example, in Afrikaans: pophuis = pop + huis yskas = ys + kas spieëltafel = spieël + tafel troeteldier = troetel + dier soogdier = soog + dier
doll + house doll's house ice + cupboard fridge mirror + tahle dressing-table pet + animal pet suckle + animal mammal
In Afrikaans, when in doubt, join, regardless of how many words you are joining! A two-drawer, rosewood desk is a tweelaairooshoudlessenaar in Afrikaans. If two vowels fall together, hyphenate; for example, twee-uur. In Unit 16 we will be looking at compounding again and particularly at the way in which compounds enrich the language and make it very concrete and visual. Exercise 7
Turn the following phrases into compounds: blompot pot vir blomme (vase) —* (tablecloth) 1 doek vir die tafel (telephone directory) 2 boek vir die telefoon (garage) 3 huis vir ' n motor (dustpan) 4 pan vir stof (business centre) 5 sentrum vir besigheid (bookshelf) 6 rak vir boeke (toys) 7 goed om mee te speel (traffic constable) 8 konstabel vir verkeer (post office) 9 kantoor vir pos (bus stop) 10 halte vir bus
(D < (D • CD 0)
In this unit you will learn • how Afrikaners greet one another on special occasions • the days of the week • the months of the year • how to write dates in Afrikaans • about South African celebrations • the gender formation rule • about definite and indefinite articles • how to use relative pronouns
mm Afrikaners of all cultures are very family orientated. A s a family they share one another's triumphs and disappointments. On such occasions, too, there are customary politeness practices and expressions. It is even common for the wife/husband/parent to be congratulated as well as their spouse/child.
55
<> t s D
• Look and listen Common expressions of felicitation include the following and you should learn them off by heart. U1 formally on birthdays veels geluk met jou/u verjaarsdag; veels geluk met jou/u vrou/ seun/kind se verjaarsdag informally beste wense, baie geluk, veels geluk formally on achievements veels geluk met jou/u prestasie; veels geluk met jou/u vrou/ seun/kind se prestasie informally mooi so! skitterend! veels geluk! formally on engagements veels geluk met jou/u verlowing; veels geluk met jou/u dogter/ seun/kind se verlowing informally alles van die beste, baie geluk, veels geluk formally on marriage veels geluk met jou/u huwelik; veels geluk met jou/u dogter/ seun/kind se huwelik
congratulations
best wishes,
congratulations
congratulations
well done! brilliant! congratulations congratulations
all the best,
congratulations
congratulations
informally alles van die beste, baie geluk, veels geluk birth veels geluk met die geboorte van jou/u baba/seun/dogter/ kleinseun/kleindogter condolences my/ons innige meegevoe!/ simpatie
all the best,
congratulations
congratulations
deepest condolences/ sympathy
At Christmas, Easter, and New Year, set phrases are used: Geseënde Kersfees Gelukkige Nuwe Jaar Voorspoedige Nuwe Jaar Geseënde Paastyd
Blessed Christmas Happy New Year Prosperous New Year Blessed Easter
Other celebrations include: hricfal showers (kombuistees), stag parties (rampartytjies/ bokkefuif), hahy showers (ooievaarspartytjies) O '* is still very common amongst Afrikaners to send greeting cards to one another on special occasions. The custom, when you know the person well or he/she is a relative, is to sign the appropriate card using your first name. Parents often sign Jan, Marie en kinders, rather than listing each name. If you don't know the recipient very well, you sign your full names; i.e., your first name and your surname: Lydia McDermott. Exercise 1 Use the table and information above to design an Afrikaans card to send (1) to your aunt on her birthday and (2) to a n acquaintance on the occasion of her/his engagement. You should indicate the occasion and should sign it appropriately. Any illustration on the card should also be appropriate to the occasion.
Language patterns Q
Days of the week
You should learn the names of the days of the week, so that you can use them fluently in conversation to make statements or to ask questions. Listen carefully to the recording. Maandag Dinsdag Woensdag Donderdag Vrydag Saterdag Sondag
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Notice that in Afrikaans, as in English, we have words to speak about days shortly before or after today. vandag more oormdre naasoormdre naaseergister eergister gister
today tomorrow the day after tomorrow literally - the day after the day after tomorrow literally - the day before the day before yesterday the day before yesterday yesterday
The two words naaseergister and naasoormóre are no longer that common and it would be more common to say verlede Donderdag (last Thursday) and die Vrydag (this Friday). The same kinds of constructions can be used to talk about weeks from the perspective of this week. Note that only vandeesweek is written as one word: vandeesweek volgende week verlede week
this week next week last week
Two other very common words are: naweek weeksdag
weekend week day, usually associated with werksdag (a working day).
Note Writing dates in Afrikaans is easy. Other than a full stop at the end after the year, there is no punctuation. Only figures are used to indicate the day, unless you leave out the month, then you must insert the word die in front of the number to which you then add either -de or -ste as you do for ranking numbers: Kersfees is op 25 Desember. Kersfees is op die 25ste. Ek is op 20 Junie 1945 gebore. Ek is op die 20ste gebore.
Christmas is on 25 December Christmas is on the 25th. I was born on 20 June 1945. I was born on the 20th.
Exercise 2 Look carefully at the following diary entries for a week. 1 Answer the following questions in Afrikaans. Write each answer in the future tense. In your answer use the verb used in the question. Example: Wat sal jy Maandag, 8 Augustus, om halfdrie doen? —• Ek sal 'n koek bak.
AUGUSTUS Sondag 7
Donderdag 11
09h00
yaan strand toe
09h00
maak Xai se kamer reg
13h00
eet by Marie
11 hOO
bereiaandete voor
15h00 19h30
leer verlede tyd doen oefeninye
14h 15
ontmoet Xai by die apteek
19h30
veru/elkom yaste
Maandag8 08h30 belslayter
Vrydag 12 09h00
neem Xai hawe tve yaanper boot Robbeneiland toe
11 hOO
leer toekomende Ujd
13h00
14h30 17h30
bak koek luister na CD
16h00
woon boomplantday by
18h30
how braaivleis
Dinsdag 9 09h15 was hare
Saterdag 13 09h00
10h00
be!'die skool
13h30 16h30
15h00 leer woorde vir kos haal vauriverke vir Diu/ali 18h45
Woensdag 10 09h00
luister u/eer kos CD
14h00
doen Unit 13
15h45
kry boek by Marie
20h00
yaan vwtirwerke toe
13h00
yaan strand toe ontmoet Asha vir middayete maak sfaai vir aandete yaan stad toe met Xai
By wie sal jy Sondag, die 7de, om 13h00 eet? Wat sal jy Dinsdag, 9 Augustus, om 16h30 haal? Waarheen sal jy Vrydag, 12 Augustus, om 13h00 gaan? Wie sal jy op Donderdag, die l l d e , om 1 4 h l 5 by die apteek ontmoet? e Waarna sal jy op Maandag, 8 Augustus, om 17h30 luister?
a b c d
2 Use the same diary entries to answer the following questions. The word wanneer w i l l require you to give both the time and the date. Other questions words can be answered with om + one word. Write all times i n words. Example: Wanneer hou jy ' n braaivleis? —• O p Vrydag, 12 Augustus, om halfsewe. Hoe laat ontmoet jy vir Asha op Saterdag die 13de? —• O m eenuur v m . a b c d e
Wie moet jy om halfnege Maandag, die 8ste, bel? Wanneer gaan jy vuurwerke toe? Hoe laat moet jy die skool bel? M e t wie gaan jy kwart voor sewe uit? Wanneer gaan jy Unit 13 doen?
O South African celebrations All of the different cultures within South Africa have their own celebratory moments, which are different from the South African National celebrations. In this unit we look at two culture-specific celebrations and one which is common to all South Africans. The Kaapse Klopse refers to the Coloured people's band clubs of, primarily, the Western Cape. The name derives from when Malay slaves were allowed to parade through the streets of Cape Town in joyous celebration. Each year on 2 January, known as Tweede Nuwejaar ('second New Year') a parade is still held through the streets of Cape Town, to the Green Point stadium at which the various bands compete for a range of trophies. The term Kaapse Klopse has been 'sanitized' as it has been appropriated by the Coloured band members themselves as the name for their musical activities and for the name of their parade and festival. The music played is commonly known as goema, and is jazzlike in form, with a tinny timbre, but the traditional 'volkies' songs are not forgotten. The term 'volkies' is patronizing and derogatory and refers to the Coloured farm workers who sang songs while they worked (primarily) in the vineyards, on the wheatlands and on the fruit farms. The songs
are reminiscent of the songs sung by the slaves in the cotton fields of the Southern States of the United States of America. The difference between them is that, whereas the 'slave' songs are often religious in tone, the C a p e songs reflect aspects of the daily lives and experiences of the farm workers.
Read the following lyrics: 1 Vanaand gaan die volkies koring sny, koring sny Vanaand gaan die volkies koring sny, koring sny My geliefde hang aan die bos My geliefde hang aan die bos My geliefde hang aan die bitterbessiebos 2 Haai! Haai! Die witborskraai Hiervandaan na Mosselbaai Hoog gevlieg en laag geswaai Aangekom en omgedraai 3 Pollie ons gaan Pêrel toe, Pollie ons gaan Pêrel toe, Pollie ons gaan Perel toe. Ek en jy alleen 4 O brandewyn laat my staan, O brandewyn laat my staan, O brandewyn laat my staan, Want ek wil nou huis toe gaan. (There are many slightly different versions of these 'ditties'. These are the versions I learnt as a child.) volkies koring sny geliefde bitterbessiebos witborskraai
farm workers laag wheat swaai cut/harvest aankom beloved omdraai PêreS bitter-berry bush pied crow alleen ('white-chested') vandaan hoog high brandewyn vlieg flying laat staan
tow swinging arrive turn around Paarl alone from here brandy leave alone
Exercise 3
Use the vocabulary box to help you to describe i n English the hardships intimated in each of the songs. The first song is about labour; the second, about a very common bird; the third, about
a trip; and the last, about addiction to brandy. There is a sadness in all the songs, but also a wry humour.
• Look and listen Read the following passage while you listen to the recording. Diwali is 'n H i n d u fees wat vyf dae lank aanhou. Dit staan ook bekend as The festival of lights - die 'Fees van ligte'. Die ligte (kerse) staan as simbool om ons te leer om oor die donkerte van die onkunde (te seëvier) wat ons ondermyn as mense te seëvier*. Elke dag van die fees w o r d * op 'n spesifieke manier gevier en gedurende die fees (word) as geheel word verskillende gode en godine geëer, afhangende van waar in die land D i w a l i gevier word. Die fees w o r d gehou om veral Lakshmi, die godin van rykdom en voorspoed te vereer. * Preferred position fees/te aanhou staan bekend onkunde kers/e donkerte seëvier oor ondermyn manier gedurende
festival/s continue known as ignorance candie/s darkness triumph over undermine way/manner during
gehee! verskillende god/e godin/ne afgehang feesvier rykdom voorspoed vereer
as a whole different god/s goddess/es depending on celebrate wealth prosperity honour
Exercise 4
You have been asked by a H i n d u friend to write a pamphlet in Afrikaans about Diwali. Using the vocabulary box above, complete the pamphlet. Diwali word in November ge . Die w o o r d 'Diwali' beteken 'Fees van ' Vir dae brand _ _ _ _ _ oral in die huis. Die lig is _ _ _ _ _ van die mens se _ _ _ _ _ _ o o r die. van die onkunde wat die mensdom . Die godin wat veral vereer w o r d is Lakshmi wat die godin van rykdom en is.
Language patterns Gender forms In Afrikaans the most common way of forming the feminine form is to add -es to the masculine form. For example: Masculine onderwyser danser digter sanger
Feminine onderwyseres danseres digteres sangeres
teacher dancer poet singer
There are, however, other forms which can be added:
-in -e -ster
Masculine god vriend assistent eggenoot werker besoeker
Feminine godin vriendin assistente eggenote werkster besoekster
god/goddess friend assistant spouse worker visitor
Afrikaans gender forms are even more likely to be unique forms. Some of the most common and most useful are given below. Y o u w i l l have to learn them. Masculine broer (brother) man (man) oupa (grandfather) oom (uncle) seun (son) seun (boy) swaer (brother-in-law) bruidegom (bridegroom) gasheer (host) wewenaar (widower) heer (gentleman) buurman (neighbour) hings (stallion) ram (ram) bul (bull) haan (cock)
Feminine suster (sister) vrou (woman) ouma (grandmother) tante (aunt) dogter (daughter) meisie (girl) skoonsuster (sister-in-law) bruid (bride) gasvrou (hostess) weduwee (widow) dame (lady) buurvrou merrie (mare) ooi (ewe) koei (cow) hen (hen)
D Arbor Day Arbor Day began in South Africa in 1983. In 1999 Arbor Day became Arbor Week. Like Arbor Day in countries all over the world, Arbor Week seeks to make people aware of the indigenous trees and the importance of trees for soil protection, fruit, shade, as building material, food, medicine and, importantly, natural beauty. Each year schools, businesses and organizations participate during Arbor Week in 'greening' events at which trees are planted. In South Africa each year two particular trees, one rare and one common, are each named Tree of the Year', These are made widely available. Areas particularly targeted are those where exotic trees have destroyed the natural vegetation or in areas where the forests or wooded areas have been destroyed by indiscriminate harvesting. People are now also being encouraged to plant fruit trees as a source of healthy food.
Dialogue 1 mnr. Smit
Thabo mnr- Smit Nomusa mnr. Smit
Sarel mnr. Smit
O n s maatskappy beplan o m hierdie jaar op 4 September 'n Boomplantdag te hou. Ons wil hê dat soveel moontlik van julle deelneem, omdat ons die hele voortuin van die hoofgebou wil beplant met inheemse borne. Dus het ons besluit dat ons ook 4 September as 'n 'Loslitdag' vier. Die dag sal die fabriek dus toe wees vir besigheid. Almal wat van tuinmaak hou word gevra om 'n graaf saam te bring. Die van u wat nie wil tuinmaak nie, word gevra om te help met verversings en so-meer. Let net daarop dat 4 September wel 'n werksdag is en dat alle personeel wel by die werk moet wees op die gewone tyd. Enige vrae of kommentaar? Waar gaan ons die borne kry? Die Parkeraad-kwekery het belowe dat hulle vir elke boom wat die maatskappy koop een sal skenk. Maar wat van mis en kompos? Die sal die maatskappy ook voorsien, want ons het 'n komposhoop wat ons gemaak het van gras-snysels. Een van ons kliënte het drie honderd sakke hoendermis belowe. Wat as ons nie 'n graaf het nie, maar ons wil help met die plant werk? Ons sal verseker dat daar vyftig grawe is vir die van u wat nie grawe het nie. Enige ander vrae? A s daar nie is
nie, wil ek net dankie sê vir u ondersteuning en u herinner o m hoede saam te bring. Baie dankie vir u aandag. maatskappy company vrae questions kommentaar comments hierdie this kwekery nursery Boomplarrtdag tee plartihgfirbor) day belowe promised deelneem participate voortuin front garden skenk donated mis manure hoofgebou main building voorsien provide inheemse indigenous komposhoop compost heap dus thus/therefore gras-snysels grass cuttings decide/decision besluit sakke pockets 'Loslitdag' 'Casual Day besigheid business hoender-mis chicken manure verseker ensure tuinmaak garden ondersteuning support graaf spade herinner remind verversings refreshments hoede hats so-meer and so forth aandag attention werksdag working day gewone normal 1
Exercise 5
Use the vocabulary box to help you compose a memo to post on the noticeboard to remind staff about Arbor Day on the 4 September. (A model answer is given in the key to the exercises.)
Language patterns Definite and indefinite articles In English we have two articles, which come in three forms. The two articles are the indefinite and the definite. A and an are the indefinite articles. For example, we say, a hook, an apple, when we mean any book or any apple - i.e. not a specific book or apple. The definite article in English is the. We use this article when we are refering to a specific thing. For example, when we say the hook or the apple, the speaker is referring to a book or apple of which his/her listener is aware: The hook is interesting or The apple is rotten. The Afrikaans articles work in exactly the same way, but there are only two: the definite article die, and the indefinite article ' n . Compare the following pairs of sentences:
die
the
Die man praat met Sannie. Kan ek die eier kry asseblief? Die San vrou soek water.
'n
(The man is talking to Sannie,) (Can I have the egg please?) (The San woman is looking for water.)
a/an
*n Man praat met Sannie. Kan ek 'n eier kry asseblief? 'n San vrou soek water.
(A man is talking to Sannie.) (Can I have an egg, please?) (A San woman Is looking for water)
In the three die sentences, the man, eier and San vrou are all specific and particular: both speaker and listener know of the man talking to Sannie; the egg is one of several things and the speaker wants the egg; and the San woman (rather than another woman) is looking for water. In the three 'n sentences, a man is talking to Sannie, the speaker would like an egg (rather than a peach, say), and some or other San woman is looking for water. Note
• In Afrikaans we can use the word die to mean this, if we put an accent mark o n the -e-, thus, die. This die can be used interchangeably with hierdie. • 'n is never written as a capital, even when it occurs at the beginning of a sentence - when ' n occurs at the beginning of a sentence the word immediately following it is capitalized. For example: 'n Groot boom word geplant.
Relative pronouns Relative pronouns are those words, which as their name implies, relate things to one another. Relative pronouns generally introduce sentences which describe/refer to something in a previous sentence (which is w h y such forms are called 'pronouns' - see Unit 1), In English, for example: The two sentences Ahmed is a Muslim. Ahmed lives in Cape Town. can be joined to form one sentence: Ahmed is a Muslim who lives in Cape Town.
The sentence part, who lives in Cape Town, relates to Ahmed in the 'main' part of the sentence. Who stands i n the place of Ahmed and in this way joins the two sentences into one. The following table lists English relative pronouns with their Afrikaans equivalents. wat wat wat wie se met wie waaruit
who which that whose with whom out of which
waarop waarmee aan wie waarin van wie waarvan
on which with which to whom in which from whom of which
To see h o w these words may be used, look at the following sentences: Q
Piet is die seun wat 'n padda Piet is the boy who had to moes opsny. cut up a frog. Jan is die man met wie Jan is the man to whom Gert gepraat het. Gert spoke. Dit is Kaptein Bruinders wie It is Captain Bruinders whose se boot in Houtbaai staan. hoat is in Hout Bay. Suid-Afrika is die land wat South Africa is the country ek w i l besoek. which I wish to visit. Die koek wat hulle geëet The cake which they ate was het was baie lekker. very nice. Die tafel waarop ek werk The tahle on which I am is te klein. working is too small. Die kamer waarin ek slaap The room in which I sleep is baie groot. is very big. Die potlood waarmee ek The pencil with which I skryf is stomp. am writing is blunt.
Each of the relative pronouns refers to a noun (Kaptein Bruinders, land, koek, tafel, kamer, potlood). Remember that when two sentences are joined together by a relative pronoun, the relative pronoun stands i n place of the noun which has previously been mentioned. Relative pronouns act like conjunctions because they join sentences (see Unit 10).
Note • For people we use wat and wie se {who and whose) and X X X wie {for whom, with whom, by whom, etc.). The w o r d wie stands on its own O N L Y as a question word (see Unit 3).
• For everything else, we use wat [which/that) and waar + X X X {on which, by which, of which, etc.). Notice that waar + X X X forms are written as O N E word. Die seun w a t die padda opgesny het, is Piet. Dit is Piet w a t die padda opgesny het. Sannie is die meisie v a n w i e ek jou vertel het. Dit is die boek w a a r v a n ek jou vertel het.
(The boy who cut up the frog is Piet.) (It is Piet who cut up the frog.)
CO <>
<
3. • (0
CO
(Sannie is the girl about whom I told you.) (This is the book about which I told you.)
Remember that wat is used for both people and everything else when we mean who, which or that. Exercise 6
Use the following list of relative pronouns to fill the gaps in the sentences below. waarin waarop
67
wie s e waarvan wat met w i e van wie waaruit waarmee aan w i e
1 Suid-Afrika is die land ek w i l besoek. 2 Die maatskappy sal die grawe voorsien die gate gemaak sal word. 3 M n r . Smit is per soon ons gepraat het. 4 D i t is die boek jy moet lees. 5 Jou vriende in Engeland is die mense jy ' n brief moet skryf. 6 Dit is die gat jy die boom moet plant. 7 Sannie is die dogter pa, Jan is. 8 Dit is Gert siek is. 9 Die San is die mense ek jou vertel het. 10 Die stoel jy sit, is stukkend. Exercise 7
Join each of the following pairs of sentences by using the relative pronoun in brackets. In each case begin with the first of the pair of sentences. Example: Daar is die boom. Hulle sit onder die boom, (waaronder) ~> Daar is die boom waaronder hulle sit.
cn
Note that the verb moves to the end of the sentence. (See also Unit 10, for even more on word order.) 1 Sannie het 'n brief van Piet gekry. Piet is in die Kalahari, (wat) 2 X a i eet sprinkane. Piet hou nie van sprinkane nie. (waarvan) 3 Die boom is 'n Van Wykshout. Die Van Wykshout is die boom van die jaar. (wat) 4 Hier is die materiaal. Jy kan jou rok met die materiaal maak. (waarmee) 5 Daar is X a i se oupa. Die pyl en boog behoort aan X a i se oupa. (aan wie) 6 Vanaand is die laaste aand van Diwali. Diwali is 'n H i n d u fees, (wat) 7 Green Point is die stadion. Die Kaapse Klopse kompetisie word in die stadion gehou. (waarin) 8 Tweede Nuwe jaar is die dag. Die Kaapse Klopse word op die dag gehou. (waarop)
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In this unit you will learn • about the sports South Africans love to watch and play • about adjectives and things adjectival in Afrikaans • how the degrees of comparison are formed in Afrikaans • some common Afrikaans similes
Q Most South Africans are sport crazy. Soccer, rugby and cricket are the most popular sports in South Africa. Netbali, tennis, athletics, squash, golf and swimming also have their supporters. Many South Africans play a sport, but many more are avid listeners or watchers. Pre-1994, support for rugby, cricket and soccer, respectively, tended to be along ethnic lines, rugby and cricket being primarily 'white' sports and soccer, 'black'. Since then, however, and particularly after Nelson Mandela's support of the Springbok Rugby team (both by name and by game) at the 1995 World C u p and his clear jubilation at the team's World C u p victory, rugby is now becoming more and more a national sport and seen less as a white Afrikaner sport. A s more and more players of colour have become squad members and real efforts have been made to teach the game and provide proper facilities and training from school level upwards, support has been growing. Cricket pre-1994 was perceived to be a white English sport, but in fact there have always been, for example, great 'Indian' teams, and in the Eastern Cape cricket has always had a strong following amongst blacks. These 'other' teams and groups were 'invisible' because of apartheid and its segregation policies. There are now more and more people of colour making the South African squad as they come through the training ranks of the development programme. Soccer is still the most 'beautiful game' to its millions of supporters. Bafana-Bafana, even when in dire straits, is supported on pavements, in shebeens and homes whenever the team plays, and now it is also being supported by the people of South Africa as a nation. Its television audience is no longer primarily 'black', nor are broadcasts primarily in an indigenous language. Soccer, like cricket and rugby, is now becoming everybody's game. Sport has played a crucial a role in nation-building in South Africa, just as it did through South Africa's isolation pre-1996 in bringing an end to apartheid.
• Dialogue 1 Listen to the following rugby radio commentary while you follow the text. Stan
Die spanne hardloop nou op die veld. Die gejuig van die toeskouers is omtrent verdowend. Die spanne staan nou reg vir die gesing van die volksliedere. Die Engelse volkslied word eers gesing.
Tembe Stan
Tembe
Stan
Tembe
Stan
Nou sing almal Nkosi sikelel' iAfrika. Hoor hoe sing die Suid-Afrikaners! Daar blaas die fluitjie. Die Leeus skop af. Brown, die Leeus s e senter stuur die bal links die veld af. White vang die bal net buite die Springbokke s e twee-entwintig. Hy ontduik Durant en skop dwars oor die veld. Die bal word deur Willemse gevang. S y dwarsskop gaan uit. Dis 'n lynstaan. Dit is 'n Engelse ingooi. Die gooi is skeef. Daar word weer ingegooi. Krige het dit vir die Bokke. Hy gee die bal uit na Chester Williams. Williams bars deur die verdediging. Dis 'n drie! Suid-Afrika loop voor na twee minute in die eerste helfte met vyf punte. Dit is bloedig warm vandag en maar min wind. Kyk hoe tap die sweet alreeds van die spelers af. Dis 'n maklike skop van net links van die pale. H.O. behoort nie 'n probleem te he nie. En daar is dit! Suid-Afrika, sewe, en Engeland, nul. Solank die Bokke s e verdediging rotsvas kan staan het hulle 'n goeie kans om die Leeus te klop. Dis waar, maar hulle sal vir Catt en Wilkinson wanneer een van hulle die bal wen, moet goed dophou. Albei van hulle is perdfris en blitsvinnig as hulle 'n gaping kry. spanne hardloop veld juig toeskouers omtrent verdowend staan reg volksliedere blaas fluitjie Leeus skop stuur links buite Springbokke ontduik dwarsskop lynstaan ingooi skeef
teams run field of play cheer spectators nearly deafening are ready national anthems blow whistle Lions kick send left outside Springboks dodges cross-kick line-out throw-in skew/not straight
Bokke bars deur verdediging drie loop voor helfte punte bloedig warm tap die sweet af alreeds maklike pale behoort probleem nul solank rotsvas kiop wen dophou albei perdfris blitsvinnig gaping
Boks (pet name) breaks through defence a try is ahead half (scoring) points blood hot sweat runs off already easy poles should problem nil as long as firm beat win to mark both fit as a fiddle lightning quick gap
Language patterns Adjectives (1) When we wish to talk about something (a noun 'thing'), we use words which describe or qualify them in some way or another. These describing, qualifying words in effect distinguish between one thing and another. For example a lion is a fierce animal and a lamb, a gentle animal; a giraffe, a tall animal, and a warthog, a short animal. We call such words adjectives. The main job of adjectives is to describe/qualify nouns. The rules for using adjectives in Afrikaans are virtually the same as those which apply in English.
Attributive
Usually the descriptive word precedes the noun it is describing. Such adjectives are said to be used 'attributively' - in other words, such adjectives add directly to the noun they are qualifying. 'n rooi hoed die groot skare
a red hat the big crowd
In Afrikaans some adjectives change their form (usually by adding -e) when they are used 'attributively': 'n vinnige doel die juigende toeskouers
a quick goal the cheering crowd
Predicative
As in English, an adjective in Afrikaans may also follow the noun it is describing by joining in a structure with the verb 'to be' (usually is, was or sal wees forms in Afrikaans). Such adjectives are said to be used 'predicatively' - in other words, such adjectives add to the noun by joining with is. Die hoed is rooi. Die skare was groot. Die vuurwerke is mooi. Ek is siek. M o r e sal koud wees.
The hat is red. The crowd was big. The fireworks are beautiful. I am sick. Tomorrow will be cold.
Note
Remember that whereas in English we use different verb forms of 'to be', depending on the person, Afrikaans is much simpler and we need only three for all persons (see Unit 2), depending on which tense (present, past, future) we are using - is (present), was (past), sal wees (future). Forming attributive adjectives from predicative adjectives
M a n y of the spelling rules which apply when plurals are formed (discussed in Unit 3) also apply to adjectives. In the following,
attributive do+w+e ske+w+e
English deaf skew
2 Adjectives ending in a single vowel followed by ' f (general scheme: V - f + e) predicative dof laf
attributive do+ww+e la+ww+e
English dim silly
3 Adjectives ending in two vowels followed by 'g' (general scheme: W - g + e) predicative moeg hoog laag
attributive moe+ë ho+ë la+e*
English tired high low
* Because there is no 'ae' diphthong in Afrikaans, you don't need to use the 'ë' here. 4 Adjectives ending in a single vowel followed by 'g' (general scheme: V - g + te) predicative sag sleg
attributive sag+te sleg+te
English soft bad
5 Adjectives ending in double vowels followed b y ' d ' (general scheme: W - d + e) predicative wreed breed koud
attributive wre+d+e bre+ë kou+e
English cruel wide cold
Exceptions
Unfortunately none of the rules shown above can be said to be hard and fast. They are merely the common 'exceptions'. There are also times when N O -e is added when an adjective is used attributively, and, when adding or not adding an -e will mark the difference between the figurative and the literal use of the adjective:
L = literal; F = figurative L : Die arm man het niks kos nie. F: Die arme man se huis het afgebrand.
The poor man has no food. (The man is poor.) The poor man's house has hurnt down. (The man is not poor; you feel sorry for him.)
L : Boere hou van bitter koffie. Farmers like bitter coffee. F: Dat ons verloor het, That we lost was a bitter pill. was 'n bittere p i l . L : Die A l l Blacks se rugbytruie The All Blacks' rugby jerseys is swart. are black. F: Dit was 'n swarte dag vir It was a hlack day for the die Bokke. Boks. Exercise 1
You have to submit to your editor six news headlines about the rugby game which the Springboks eventually lost. Use words/phrases from Dialogue 1 and the Language patterns section above to translate the following headlines into Afrikaans.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Boks beaten! Whistle blows on Boks Lions break through Poles too high for Boks Lions stand firm Boks sweat; Lions win
Exercise 2
Fill in the correct form of the adjectives in the following sentences. Example: A l die (skeef) skoppe het die Bokke die wedstryd verloor. —• A l die skewe skoppe het die Bokke die wedstryd verloor. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Die (juigend) skare het die Bokke gegroet. Toe die Bokke ' n drie druk is die skare (juigend). Die gejuig van die toeskouers was (verdowend). M e t die (verdowend) gejuig van die toeskouers k o n ons nie die fluitjie hoor nie. Die (blitsvinnig) Catt het die Leeus se drie gedruk. Wilkinson sal (blitsvinnig) pale toe skop. V i r die Leeus was die lynstane (maklik) om te wen. V i r H . O . was die skop pale toe (maklik).
Language patterns Adjectives (2) - Degrees of comparison We use degrees of comparison in Afrikaans just as we do in English. The term 'degrees of comparison' means to compare descriptively two or more things (or groups of things) with one another. There are three degrees - positive, comparative and superlative. The positive adjective form is used to describe one thing. The comparative form is used to compare descriptively two things, and the superlative form to compare more than two things. Sannie is tall for her age. Piet is taller than Sannie. M r Smit is the tallest member of the family. Human beings are large mammals. Elephants are larger mammals than human beings. Whales are the largest mammals of all.
(positive) (comparative) (superlative) (positive) (comparative) (superlative)
General rules for d e g r e e s of c o m p a r i s o n
In English: 1 South Africa is sunny. (statement) 2 South Africa is sunnier than Scotland, (of the two) 3 South Africa is the sunniest country in (of all) the Commonwealth. In Afrikaans: 1 Suid-Afrika is sonnig. 2 Suid-Afrika is sonniger as Skotland. 3 Suid-Afrika is die sonnigste land in die Statebond. The Afrikaans rules are as follows: • for the comparative add -er; • for the superlative, add -ste.
(statement) (of the two) (of all)
Some useful everyday examples: Positive Comparative (+er) blink shiny blinker shinier industrious flukser more fluks industrious vals valser more false false mooier prettier mooi pretty fiouer weaker flou weak lelik ugly leliker uglier disgusted vieser more vies disgusted bly blyer happier happy lui luier lazier lazy erg serious erger more serious
Superlative (+ste) blinkste shiniest fluksste most industrious valste most false mooiste prettiest flouste weakest ugliest lelikste viesste most disgusted blyste happiest laziest luiste ergste most serious
Exceptions to the rules As in English there are certain comparative forms that have unique forms. Some of the most common Afrikaans examples follow. Comparative (+er) Positive baie much, many meer more bietjie little minder less beter better goed good dikwels often meermal more often naby near nader nearer
Superlative (+ste) most meeste minste least beste best meestal most often naaste nearest
Some adjectives, as i n English, cannot really be used comparatively, although we frequently use them as such i n casual speech. Others can never be used comparatively. One cannot literally be more or less dead. When we are speaking figuratively (suggesting an image) we might say someone is 'deader than a dodo', but dodos are long dead, so what we are suggesting is not that the person we are referring to is dead, but that s/he is like a dead dodo. dood dead leeg empty vol full ewig equal doof deaf stom dumb
blind blind half half boonste top onderste bottom binneste inside
Other Afrikaans adjectives, many of which are polysyllabic 'long words', form the comparative and superlative degrees by 'borrowing' the words meer (more) and mees (most) for the comparative and superlative, respectively: beskeie verbaas
meer beskeie meer verbaas
bekend
meer bekend
verlate
meer verSate
opgewonde
meer opgewonde
ontevrede
meer ontevrede
mees beskeie mees verbaas
more/most shy more/most amazed more/most mees bekend known more/most mees verlate desolate mees opgewonde more/most excited mees ontevrede more/most dissatisfied
A n d then there are the spelling conventions with which you should now be familiar. Spelling rules only need to be remembered with comparative degree forms as the superlative forms almost exclusively add -ste to the stem adjective (or borrow the word mees) ( ' V = 'vowel'; ' C = 'consonant'). 1 Adjectives ending in 'twin' vowels followed by ' f scheme: V V - f + er) predicative gaaf skeef
comparative ga+w+er ske+w+er
English kind/kinder skew/more
(general
skew
2 Adjectives ending i n a single vowel followed by ' f (general scheme: V - f + er) predicative dof
iaf
comparative do+ww+er ia+ww+er
English dim/dimmer silly/sillier
3 Adjectives ending in two vowels followed by 'g' (general scheme: W - g + er) predicative moeg hoog
laag
comparative moe+ër ho+ër la+er*
English tired/more tired high/higher low/lower
* Because there is no 'ae' diphthong in Afrikaans, you don't need to use the 'ë' here. 4 Adjectives ending in a single vowel followed by ' g ' (general scheme: V - g + ter) predicative sag sleg
comparative sag+ter sleg+ter
English soft/softer bad/worse
5 Adjectives ending in double vowels followed b y ' d ' (general scheme: W - d + er) predicative wreed breed koud
comparative wre+d+er bre+ër kou+er
English cruel/crueller wide/wider cold/colder
6 Adjectives ending in a short vowel followed by a consonant (general scheme: V C + C + er) predicative vet dik
comparative vetter dikker
English fat/fatter thick/thicker
7 Adjectives ending in a long vowel followed by a consonant (general scheme: W + C + er) predicative groot skoon laat
comparatswe groter skoner later
English big/bigger clean/cleaner late/later
8 Adjectives ending i n '-r' (general scheme: r + der) predicative lekker donker
comparative lekkerder donkerder
English nice/nicer dark/darker
9 Adjectives ending in '-lik' or ' - i g ' do not double their final consonants.
predicative moeilik vinnig maklik aaklig vriendelik weelderig Q
comparative moeiliker vinniger makliker aakliger vriendeliker weelderiger
English difficult/more difficult fast/faster easy/easier horrid/more horrid friendly/friendlier plush/more plush
Exercise 3
Fill in the correct forms of the adjectives shown in bold in the passage below. Die Leeus is die (sterk) rugbyspan in die wêreld. Die A l l Blacks is ook (sterk) as die Bokke wat hulle geklop het, maar die A l l Blacks het teen die Leeus verloor. A l die rugbyspanne is baie (moeg) na die (lang) wêreldbeker. Die (moeg) van almal is die Fijianers want hulle moes die (vêr) vlieg en het die (baie) gesukkel. Hulle het (goed) gedoen as verlede keer. Maar, die Engelse bly die (opgewonde) van al die spanne!
• Die Gees van Comrades Jaarliks, op 16 Junie, vind die wêreldberoemde Comrades M a r a t h o n tussen Durban en Pietermaritzburg plaas. Die marathon het onstaan na die Eerste Wêreldoorlog, en is ingestel ter herdenking van beide die soldate wat in die oorlog gesneuwel het, en ter herdenking van die swaar las waaronder hulle gelei het. D i t was ' n aaklige oorlog waarin duisende der duisende soldate aan beide* kante gesterf het of vermink is, of psigies geskend is. Die marathon staan dus as simbool vir die leiding van die soldate, maar is ook 'n kans vir individue om hulself fisies en psigies te toets. Die marathon word op 16 Junie gehou wat bekend staan as 'Jeugdag'. Dit is 'n openbare vakansiedag i n Suid-Afrika en word gehou ter herdenking van die jeug wat gedurende die stryd teen apartheid gesneuwel het en is ook die gedenkdag van die uitbreek van die Soweto-onrus op 16 Junie 1976. Deur die marathon op die dag te he, word die kinders van die Sowetoonrus en die swaar las wat hulle gedra het en die dapperheid wat hulle getoon het, ook onthou. 'Better: albei.
Die eerste Comrades, met 3 4 hardlopers, het in 1912 plaasgevind. Deesdae neem duisende hardlopers deel. Die een jaar hardloop die hardlopers van Durban na Pietermaritzburg (die sogenaamde ' u p - r u n ' ) en die volgende jaar van Pietermaritzburg na Durban (die sogenaamde ' d o w n - r u n ' ) . Die marathon is omtrent negentig kilometer lank. Die marathon staan as simbool van die mens se vermoë om te oorwin. D i t is wat bedoel w o r d met 'Die Gees van die Comrades'. (Adapted and translated from http://wwwxomrades.com) piaasvind wêreldberoemde tussen ontstaan wêreldoorlog instel ter herdenking van beide soldaat/soldate sneuwel lei albei sterf vermink psigies skend leiding fssies s t a a n bekend jeug openbare vakansiedag stryd gedenkdag uitbreek onrus dapperheid toon onthou hardloper/s deesdae deelneem
takes place world famous between beginning world war institute in commemoration of both soldier/s die in battle to suffer/to lead both to die maim, mutilate psychologically scar, damage suffering physical known as youth public (bank) holiday struggle anniversary outbreak unrest courage demonstrate remember runner/s nowadays participate
sogenaamde volgende swaar las omtrent oorwin
so-called next heavy burden about overcome
Exercise 4
Test your understanding of the passage by translating the following into English. Die marathon staan as simbool van die mens se vermoë om te oorwin. D i t is wat bedoel w o r d met ' D i e Gees van Comrades'. Exercise 5
Pick out 17 adjectives and numbers in the 'Gees van Comrades' passage above. Look out for the -e, -er and -ste endings on words, for adjectives that might be used predicatively, and remember that numbers can also be used as adjectives; for example, die tweede boek (the second book).
Language patterns Similes Afrikaners are particularly fond of using 'sayings' of various kinds. Amongst the most commonly used are similes. You might like to learn some of these once you feel confident of your basic Afrikaans vocabulary and grammar. Similes are included here as they are descriptive (adjectival) forms. A simile is a literary form which makes a direct comparison. Two forms may be used, without there being any difference in meaning: one a phrase and the other a compound word. phrase
as red as blood
compound word
blood red
The same forms occur in Afrikaans. Such words and phrases add not only to your vocabulary, but also to the literary quality and authenticity of your writing, so you should try to learn at least a few of them. Beware though of using too many simultaneously and the same ones repeatedly, lest you overdo it and your writing ends up being clichéd!
The following are among the more common and most useful similes in Afrikaans. blitsvinnig asvaal wêreldberoemd goudgeel pikdonker peperduur splinternuut spotgoedkoop skatryk helderskoon brandarm silwerskoon doodseker doodsiek doodbang vuurwarm dolleeg yskoud propvol stroopsoet kliphard beeldskoon stokoud papdronk bloedjonk skreeulelik stokstyf vreklui spekvet springlewendig brandmaer plankdun sneeuwit, spierwit kurkdroog bloedrooi papnat grasgroen doodsbleek pikswart doodmoeg
lightning quick ashen world famous yellow/golden pitch dark expensive brand new dirt cheap filthy rich sparkling clean very poor sparkling clean dead sure deadly ill dead scared red hot totally empty ice cold brimful as good as gold rock hard as pretty as a picture as old as Methuselah dead drunk spring chicken as ugly as sin as stiff as a board as lazy as sin as fat as a pig as lively as a cricket as thin as a rake as thin as a rake snow white as dry as a bone blood red sopping wet as green as grass as pale as a ghost pitch black dead tired
as .. as (SO .. soos .•) phrase f cms include: so vet soos 'n vark arm .. ' n kerkmuis lig .. ' n veer bitter .. gal k w a a i . . . 'n geitjie Week .. 'n laken k o e l . . . 'n komkommer blind .. ' n m o l rats .. n kat dapper .. ' n leeu siek .. ' n hond dood .. ' n mossie sterk .. ' n os glad .. seep swaar .. lood maer .. ' n kraai slim .. ' n jakkals dom .. ' n esel w i t . . . sneeu mak .. ' n lam swart.. die nag doof .. 'n kwartel groen .. gras gereeld .. klokslag r o o i . . . bloed koud .. ys blou .. die hemel sag .. sy hard .. ' n klip ?
as fat as a pig as poor as a churcbmouse as light as a feather as bitter as gall as fierce as a gecko as pale as a sheet as cool as a cucumber as blind as a mole as agile as a cat as brave as a lion as sick as a dog as dead as a sparrow as strong as an ox as smooth as soap as heavy as lead as thin as a crow as sly as a jackal as dumb as an ass as white as snow as tame as a lamb as black as night as deaf as a quail as green as grass as regular as a chime as red as blood as cold as ice as blue as the heavens as soft as silk as hard as a rock
Exercise 6
Which of the Afrikaans similes listed above best fits each of the following images?
In this unit you will test your knowledge of: • Afrikaans pronouns • the verb to be in Afrikaans • telling the time in Afrikaans • Afrikaans tenses • homes and things • word order-time, place and manner • definite and indefinite articles • relative pronouns • adjectives
These exercises w i l l test your grasp of the work covered so far. Don't panic if at first you don't do very well. Every single question you get right should be seen as an achievement and you should look on your mistakes as learning opportunities. When you do the exercises, you should use the glossary at the end of the book to look up any words you might have forgotten. Exercise 1 Afrikaans pronouns (Unit 1)
Select the correct pronoun for each sentence from the following table. Singular /, me, my/mine ek, my, my/myne you, your, yours/yours jy/u, jou/u, joune/u s'n hy/sy, hom/sy, sy/syne, haar/hare he/she, him/her, his/his, her/hers 's se Plural ons, ons/ons s'n julle/u, julle/u, julle s'n/u s'n hulle, hulle/hulle s'n se
we/us, our/ours you, your, yours/yours they/them, their/theirs $'
1 Ten jane loop vier minute voor sy naaste maters; dit lyk asof die Comrades gaan wen. 2 Dis die eerste TY-toets wat doen. 3 Sannie en Piet Pa naam is Jan. 4 Die H i n d i vereer Lakshmi by Diwalifeesvierings. 5 Wat makeer met ? Is hy siek? 6 Die skrum is nie Engeland nie, maar Suid-Afrika . 7 H y het byna doodgeskrik toe hy die slang sien. 8 Die krieket span kan nie op twee draaiboulers staatmaak nie. 9 'Meneer die President, sal sit, asseblief?' 10 Sannie vra ma of kan gaan speel. Exercise 2 The verb 'to be' in Afrikaans (Unit 2)
Give the correct form of the verb to he. 1 2
Die hond, die kat en die koei In watter dorp jy more
almal in die tuin. ?
3 4 5
E n wie se boek dit? Die skare by die sokker wild toe Engeland verloor. Verlede jaar ek in België.
Exercise 3 Telling the time in Afrikaans (Unit 2)
Using the 12-hour clock, write down the following times i n words. (Don't forget to say whether it is a.m. or p.m.) 1 20h00
2 06h30
3 13h22
4 09h07
5 03h00
Exercise 4 Afrikaans t e n s e s (Unit 2)
1 Write out the following paragraph i n the past tense. If you have forgotten some of the words, either look back at Unit 4 or consult the Glossary at the end of the book. Example: X a i en Piet sit by die vuur en gesels oor die verlede. —• X a i en Piet het by die vuur gesit en oor die verlede gesels. X a i wys vir Piet dat die tsamma vol water is. X a i en Piet drink die water en Piet vind uit dat die vloeistof wel soos water smaak. Terwyl hulle sit, vertel X a i vir Piet van hoe sy oupa gejag het en agter die springbokke aangetrek het. X a i sê dat die San nie meer mag jag nie en nou op een plek moet bly. Sy oupa se pyl en boog hang nou teen die muur i n hulle baksteen-huisie. X a i voel baie treurig omdat die ou dae verby is. Piet kry horn baie jammer. 2 Write out the following passage i n the future tense. If you have forgotten some of the words, either look back at Unit 3, in which you learnt about different foods, and Unit 6, i n which you learnt about the Comrades, or consult the Glossary at the end of the book. Example: Twintig duisend mense hardloop op 16 Junie die Comrades. -> Twintig duisend mense sal op 16 Junie die Comrades hardloop. M n r . en mev. Smit neem aan die Comrades deel. Hulle maak seker dat hulle die regte kos eet en hardloop elke dag tien kilometer vêr. Hulle eet piesangs, druiwe, wortels en heuning, omdat die kossoorte almal vol vitamines is. O m hulle liggame op te bou en te verseker dat hulle energie het, eet hulle ook aartappels, rys en witbrood. Hulle drink ook baie melk. Die kinders eet saam met hulle ouers, want dit is alles gesonde kos.
Exercise 5 At home (Unit 3) 1 You have encountered the words below in the previous units. Firstly, give the Afrikaans for the following, and secondly, write the plural form of each. (Use the Glossary at the end of the book if you have forgotten some of the meanings.) a shirt b pullover c socks d suit e jacket f coat g umbrella h dress i skirt j boots k blouse 1 tie m petticoat n belt o underpants 2 Translate the following advertisement from the huise te koop (houses for sale) column into English: Umhlanga Vierslaapkamer huis met twee-en-half badkamers, eetkamer, sitkamer, familie-/tv-kamer. Nuwe kombuis met aparte waskamer. Dubbelmotorhuis. Groot tuin met braai-area en swembad. Een miljoen, twee honderd duisend Rand. Exercise 6 W o r d order - time, p l a c e a n d manner (Unit 4)
Rewrite each of the following sentences by beginning with the word/s in bold. (Remember that the verb and subject forms change places.) Example: Die Lachmans steek vroeg die kerse op. —• Vroeg steek die Lachmans die kerse op. 1 Boomplantdag vind in September elke jaar plaas. 2 Gedurende die voetbalwedstryd is twee toeskouers ernstig op die kantlyn beseer. 3 Kallis het met verauf vanoggend die bal sewe maal hoog oor die grens geslaan. 4 Die Kaapse Klopse parade beweeg elke jaar Adderleystraat af, Strandstraat i n , die bult oor, tot by die Green Pointstadion. 5 Smaaklike kos, baie kerse en vuurwerke is daar elke jaar te siene by die Diwali feesvierings. 6 Dit was voor 1996 nie moontlik om te weet hoe vinnig ' n bouler boul nie. Die handige 'Speed Stick' is deur ' n SuidAfrikaanse maatskappy gevestig in Stellenbosch in daardie jaar ontwerp en getoets.
Exercise 7 Question w o r d s (Unit 3}
Translate the following questions into Afrikaans. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
What is your name? H o w are you? When are you going home? What is the time? Where do you live? From which city do you come? What is the date today? What are you reading?
Exercise 8 Indefinite a n d definite articles (Unit 5)
Fill in the correct definite or indefinite article in the following paragraph: X a i en Piet het in 1 veld geloop en na al 2 woestynplante gekyk. X a i het vir Piet gewys hoe om 3 tsamma oop te sny om water te kry. Piet het 4 koel water geniet. 5 Bok het onder 6 boom gestaan en gras geëet. 7 leeus het 8 bok dopgehou. Exercise 9 Relative p r o n o u n s (Unit 5)
1 Translate the following sentences into English. a b c d e f g h
Gert is die man wat die wedren gewen het. Marie is die vrou met wie Gert getrou het. Dit is X a i se oupa wie se pyl en boog dit is. Die Khalagadi is die land wat deur die witmense die Kalahari genoem is. Die koffie wat hulle gedrink het was baie bitter, Die bed waarop ek le is te sag. Die kamer waarin hulle T V kyk is baie warm, Dit is die pen waarmee ek die boek geskryf het.
2 Join each of the following pairs of sentences by using the relative pronoun in brackets. In each case begin with the first of the pair of sentences. (Remember that the verb in the sentence being joined moves to the end of the sentence.) Example: Daar is die boom. Hulle sit onder die boom, (waaronder) —• Daar is die boom waaronder hulle sit. a Die Parkeraad voorsien die borne. Die borne word op Boomplantdag geplant. (wat) b Piet hou nie van die sprinkane nie. X a i eet die sprinkane. (wat)
c Dié boom is 'n Van Wykshout. Ek het jou van die boom vertel. (waarvan) d Hier is die graaf. Jy kan die gat met die graaf maak. (waarmee) e Daar is X a i se pa. Die baksteenhuis behoort aan X a i se pa. (aan wie) f Vanaand is die Kaapse Klopse kompetisie. Die kompetisie hou die hele nag aan. (wat) g Green Point is die stadion. Die Kaapse Klopse kompetisie word in die stadion gehou. (waarin) h Die Bokke se skoppe pale toe het hulle die wedstryd laat verloor. Die skoppe was skeef. (wat) Exercise 10 Adjectives (Unit 6)
The following is a newsscript, but someone has only half translated the text. The news is due to be read in five minutes. Help the newsreader by supplying the correct Afrikaans adjectival forms for the English words shown in italics. N a hundreds jare, het M o u n t Kenya weer begin rook. Die omgewing is grey van al die as wat die sky blue lug intrek. Die eens green as grass berghange is besmet met red hot stukke rotse en die eens snow white kuif op die bergtop het verdwyn soos die sneeu gesmelt het. N o u staan die great berg stoksielalleen - geen mens, geen dier meer op sy hange nie. Die mense is dirt poor, maar hulle is dead scared vir die koms van die blood red rivier. Die diere vlug om 'n horrible dood te ontsnap. Selfs die voëls is stil. Net die berg se warning gerommel word gehoor.
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In this unit you will learn • about money matters in South Africa • about adverbs and things adverbial • about how South Africans do business • Yes-no questions • about getting around South Africa
• A t the airport You have just arrived at Johannesburg International airport. You hear the following announcements. Listen while you follow the text. • Vlug B A 234 vanaf Londen het so pas geland. Passasiers word deur Hek Sewentien verwag. • Die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens kondig graag aan, die aankoms van Vlug S A A 345 vanaf Durban. Passasiers kan hulle bagasie by bagasie-ontvangs B afhaal. • Die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens is jammer om die vertraging van Vlug S A A 598 vanaf Kimberley aan te kondig. Die verwagte aankoms van die vlug is om 17h50. Ons vra om verskoning vir enige ongerief. • Mnr. Smit wat die Air France Vlug 709 na Parys vertraag, word vriendelik versoek om onmiddellik na Hek 17 te gaan. Die laaste bus na die vliegtuig vertrek oor drie minute. • Internasionaie passasiers word hartlik verwelkom in Suid-Afrika. Ons hoop dat u u kuier in Suid-Afrika sal geniet. Toeriste inligting is beskikbaar in die A a n k o m s s a a l . Lughawebusdienste en huurmotors na die stad is beskikbaar net buite die Aankomssaal. Auto-tellers en Bureaux de change is beskikbaar in die verversingsarea. vlug land passasiers hek verwag/te lugdiens graag aankoms bagasie ontvangs afhaal vertraging aankondig enige ongerief
flight vriendelik versoek to land passengers vliegtuig internasionaie gate expect/ed hartlik airline verwelkom willingly, hoop with pleasure toeriste inligting arrival beskikbaar baggage reception Aankomssaal collect busdienste delay huurmotor/s auto-tellers announce any verversings inconvenience vertrek
respectfully requested aircraft international heartily, sincerely welcomes hope tourists information available Arrivals Hall bus service taxi/s cashpoint machines refreshments depart
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Exercise 1
In Unit 3 we looked at some question words. We will be using some of them in this exercise, in which you w i l l be answering questions in Afrikaans by using the information given in ' A t the airport', above. Y o u should give the answers both orally and in writing. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Watter twee vliegtuie het geland? Wie vertraag die vlug Parys toe? Waar kan ek my bagasie afhaal? Watter vlug is vertraag? Waarvandaan k o m die vlug? By watter hek word die internasionale passasiers verwag? Waarheen gaan die busse en huurmotors? Waar kan ons iets kry om te eet?
Question words revisited watter? wie? waar? waarvandaan? wat? waarin? waarheen? waardeur?
which? who? where? from where? what? in what? where to? through what?
wie se? waarop? waaruit? wanneer? hoe laat? hoeveel? hoekom? hoe lank?
whose? on what? out of what? when? what time? how much? why? how long?
Language patterns Adverbs Kinds of adverbs
Just as adjectives (and adjectival phrases and clauses) describe nouns, so adverbs (and adverbial phrases and clauses) describe verbs. Generally, adverbs describe how, when, where something happens - how, where, when the action takes place. Look at the following sentences: Die padda lê op die tafel. Hulle het die bal vinnig ingegooi.
The frog is lying on the table. Where? They threw in the hall quickly. How?
Gister is die jeug geseëvier.
Yesterday the youth was celebrated. When?
Notice how the words vinnig and gister, and the phrase op die tafel, each 'describes' the action (verb) of the sentence. The characteristics of adverbs are also found in clauses which fulfil the same function as adverbs and adverbial phrases - that is, they modify (describe) a verb.
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Some adverbs are used on occasion to define other word types, including adverbs themselves, but never nouns or pronouns. Such adverbs are primarily those which represent degree to some extent. For example: baie laat baie lelik
very late adverb of degree + adverb of time very ugly adverb of degree + adjective
We will distinguish amongst the three most common adverbial types: Tmm
Manner
gister yesterday more tomorrow vandag today bedags daily gereeld regularly selde seldom verlede last eers first lankal long snags at night smiddags in the afternoon smórens in the morning dan then (future) toe then, when (past) dadelik immediately onmiddellik immediately
hard hard hier here sag softly daar there vinnig quickly onderunder stadig slowly boon top heerlik pleasantly onderaan at the bottom puik superbly bo-aan at the top sleg badly ondertoe towards the bottom lekker enjoyably boontoe towards the top duidelik clearly agtertoe towards the back halfhartig halfheartedly vorentoe towards the front sing-sing while singing waarnatoe where (motion) fluit-fluit while whistling hiernatoe here (motion) huil-huil while crying binne inside lag-lag while laughingbuite outside skril shrilly agter behind fluks industriously voor in front of
toe and
Place
dan
These two adverbs of time both mean then, but their use is tricky. Toe is used only in past tense sentences and dan only in future tense sentences. Ons het gewerk en toe voetbal gekyk. Ons sal werk en dan voetbal kyk.
We worked then we watched soccer. We will work and then watch football.
oo
Toe can also mean when, as it does in the next sentence: Toe hy weer sien, le hy op die gras.
When he looked again, he was lying on the grass.
-foe w o r d s which are written as one w o r d
There are a few words ending in -toe which are written as one word. A l l of them have the sense of going somewhere and are often accompanied in Afrikaans by the word gaan (going). Look at the following examples: ondertoe (below) waarnatoe (where to?) boontoe (above) hiernatoe (to here)
agtertoe (to the hack) daarnatoe (to there) vorentoe (to the front) soheentoe (to there)
When in doubt, write any phrases containing toe as two words - huis toe (to home), Durban toe (to Durban), winkel toe (to the shop).
Doubled-up adverbs There are two occasions on which adverbs may be formed by doubling up words. These 'double-ups' are peculiar to the two words gou-gou and nou-nou (adverb + adverb) and randomly in words such as lag-lag, hop-hop, sing-sing (verb + verb). The words gou-gou (quickly) and nou-nou (now-now) are both adverbs of time and are standard forms. Words such as lag-lag (laughingly), hop-hop (hoppingly) and sing-sing (singingly) are adverbs which have randomly been formed from verbs and are used for emphasis. A great variety of such verb double-ups can be made up at any time. A l l such double-ups function as adverbs of manner - that is, they say how something is/was being done. There is no corresponding English form. Look at the following Afrikaans sentences, their literal English translations and their English equivalents: Hulle loop lag-lag die straat af. They are walking 'laughingly down the street. They are walking down the street laughing. 9
Die kind klim huil-huil in haar bed. The child gets cryingly into her bed. The child gets into her bed crying. c
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Degrees of comparison of adverbs Many adverbs are formed from adjectives. Like adjectives, adverbs can be used comparatively in the three degrees, positive, comparative and superlative. As for adjectives, we add -er to form the comparative and -ste to form the superlative. The same spelling rules apply as did for adjectives (Unit 6). Also as for adjectives, we use meer and mees {more and most) to form the comparative and superlative, respectively, for polysyllabic words. Look at the following table of the more common Afrikaans adverbs. Positive
Comparative (+er)
Superlative (+ste)
goed well, good fluks industriously
beter better flukser more industriously valser more falsely mooier more prettily vroeër earlier slegter worse, more badly nader closer blyer more happily luier more lazily meer ernstig more seriously
beste best fluksste most industriously valsste most falsely mooiste most prettily vroegste earliest slegste worst, most badly naaste closest blyste most happily luiste most lazily mees ernstig most seriously
vals falsely mooi prettily vroeg early sleg badly naby close biy happily lui lazily ernstig seriously
Exercise 2
From the following list choose the appropriate adverb for each sentence. toe, soggens, vroeër, kort-kort, laatste, dan, meer gretig, betyds, selde, hoe laat, waar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
kom jy huis toe? H y bel my . Sannie sal wees as Piet om te kook. Die mans het as die vrouens wakker geword. Ons gaan in die winter strand toe. Sy wil weet die wedstryd gespeel word; Londen of Parys. Vroeg skreeu die hadedas. Hulle het die kerse opgesteek en gaan eet. Die marathonlopers mag op die vieruur by Drummond deur hardloop. 10 E k was net vir die vliegtuig.
kort-kort betyds selde vrouens wakker
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again and again just in time seldom women awake
strand wedstryd vroeg skreeu hadedas
beach match early scream, cry large, noisy birds
Exercise 3
The aircraft which you are piloting is about an hour from landing at Johannesburg International. Y o u have to do the standard pre-landing announcement in English, Afrikaans and isiZulu, but you have misplaced the English version. Write out a translation of the following Afrikaans version into English and then read the Afrikaans version out in unison with the recording. Ons hoop dat julle julle ontbyt geniet het. Ons land op Johannesburg Internasionaal om 10h20. Johannesburg (of Egoli, die goudstad, soos dit in isiZulu bekend staan) is die grootstse stad in Suid-Afrika en sy besigheidssentrum. D i t is 'n kosmopolitaanse stad en oorsese besoekers vind hulself gou tuis. Dit word ook gesê dat dit die mees geboomde stad in die wêreld is, dus sal julle kan skaduwee vind onder die Afrika son. Geniet dit!
B Money matters Cash The South African currency is called the Rand. The name is derived from the ridge called the Witwatersrand on which the great goldfields which underpin South Africa's economy were discovered in 1886. It was the mining camp on the Witwatersrand which grew to be Johannesburg, Egoli, the 'City of Gold'. All South African money (notes and coins) have nature images rather than human profiles imprinted on them. The various denominations come in the following forms: Coins
Notes
R5, R 2 , R1 50c, 20c, 10c, 5c
R10, R20, R50 R100, R200
There are still 2c and 1c coins in circulation, but these are being phased out. Many shops now choose to round off to the nearest 5c - always to the customer's advantage!
There are 'cash machines' (belonging to, and serviced by, all the major banks) all over In strategic positions. The machines are to be found outside banks, in malls, at petrol stations and randomly in the street. Credit South Africans are great credit card users. Virtually all shops, hotels, restaurants and general businesses accept credit cards. Even hospitals and other emergency services accept credit cards. Special cards are used to buy petrol ('Petro' cards). Debit cards are becoming more and more common. S h o p s are not always prepared to accept traveller's cheques (or even personal cheques) as there is so much fraudulent use of traveller's cheques. These should be exchanged at a bank or Bureau de change. Electronic payments and withdrawals have led to fewer and fewer personal cheques being used. You can only cash cheques drawn on your own account and then only at your own bank. Other cheques will have to be deposited. Cheques which you wish to deposit to your account will take seven working days to clear. toonbank teller deposito tjek bankbestuurder strokie geld trek navrae reisigerstjek kredietkaart kontantkaart debietkaart automatiese-teller werksdae bankmasjien
counter teller deposit cheque bank manager transaction slip draw money enquiries traveller's cheque credit card cash card debit card automatic teller working days bank machine
Language patterns Adverbial phrases revisited 1 We first dealt with adverbial phrases in Unit 4 when we dealt with the word order of Time, Place and Manner. 2 The following adverbial phrases occur frequently. You will find it useful to learn them.
kortliks binnekort kort daarna nou-nou kort-kort gou-gou
briefly 'n rukkie gelede a while ago shortly 'n rukkie daarna a while later shortly thereafter net 'n oomblik just a minute 'now-now' netnou just now again and again onlangs recently quickly, quickly in die verlede in the past
Note
The adverbs gelede (ago) and verlede (past, last) are easy to confuse. • The word gelede is always used to mean ago:
lank gelede long ago vier jare gelede four years ago
• Use the w o r d verlede at all other times:
verlede week last week in die verlede in the past
Exercise 4
Rewrite the following sentences beginning with the words in bold so that each word or phrase occurs in its correct position: 1 Die toeris (vol kiere, om agtuur, stasie toe, móre-aand, met sy koffer, stap, te haai, om die trein, sal). 2 Die passasiers (gaan eet, toe, onmiddellik, lekker verversings, het, bagasie, gaan afhaal, en, hul.
Business hours Bankure Banking Weeksdae Saterdae Sondae
hours 09h00 tot 15h30 08h30tot 11h00 Gesluit/Toe (Closed)
Government Office hours are usually from 08h00 to 16h00 and schools from about 07h45 to 14h00. Supermarkte Supermarkets Weeksdae en Saterdae: Sondae:
09h00tot 18h00 09h00 tot 13h00
At the end of the month, many of the supermarkets and the banks open half an hour earlier.) A l g e m e n e winkels General Weeksdae: Saterdae: Sondae
shopping 08h30 tot 17h00 08h30 tot 13h00 Gesluit/Toe
C a f é s and the like Maandae tot Sondae:
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07h00 tot 23h00
'Servi-winkels' by petrolstasies Shops at petrol stations - 24 uur, 7 dae 'n week - 24 hours, 7 days a week S o m e c o m m o n business expressions na ure
after hours; i.e. after normal business
hours
besigheidsure
business hours; i.e. during normal hours
besigheidsdae
business days; i.e. weekdays - Saturday not included
business
Language patterns Yes-no questions We saw i n Unit 3 that we can ask questions interrogatives at the beginning of sentences. Wie is jy? Hoeveel is dit?
by using
Who are you? How much is it/that?
However, using special question words/interrogatives is not the only way we can ask questions. A l l languages allow questions to be formed by using the verb and/or parts of the verb as a kind of question word. This is done by placing the verb particle first in the sentence and by moving the subject of the sentence into the second position i n the sentence. It is in this way that yes-no questions are formed in both Afrikaans and English. Die marathon is oor. Is die marathon oor? Sy sal horn na die wedstryd nooi. Sal sy horn na die wedstryd nooi? Die kinders speel krieket. Speel die kinders krieket? Suid-Afrika is mooi. Is Suid-Afrika mooi?
The marathon is over. Is the marathon over? She will invite him to the game. Will she invite him to the game? The kids are playing cricket Are the kids playing cricket? South Africa is beautiful. Is South Africa beautiful?
Y o u will notice in both the English and Afrikaans sentences that when the questions are formed by moving the verb/verb particle to the beginning of the sentence, the subject takes up the second
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position. You w i l l also notice that questions formed in this way can only have either yes or no answers. In Afrikaans, as in English, you can choose to answer such questions either yes or no or use the words 'Yes' or ' N o ' and transform the question into a statement.
3 Q Is Suid-Afrika mooi? A Ja/Nee. A J a , Suid-Afrika is moos.
Q te South Africa beautiful? A Yes/Wo. A Yes, South Africa is beautiful. A No, South Africa is not beautiful.
A Nee, Suid-Afrika is nie mooi nie. Q A A A
Is die marathon oor? Ja/Nee. J a , die marathon is oor. Nee, die marathon is nie oor nie.
Q Is the marathon A Yes/No.
Q A A A
K o m hy saam? Ja/Nee. J a , hy kom saam. Nee, hy kom nie saam nie.
Q A A A
over?
A Yes, the marathon is oven A Wo, the marathon is not over. Is he coming with us? Yes/No. Yes, he is coming with us. No, he is not coming with us.
You will notice in the 'full answers, whether positive or negative, that the part of the sentence which comes after the Yes/No and Ja/Nee has the usual statement structure of subject + verb whether or not the statement is positive or negative. 5
While i n English we use only verb parts like are, is, have, etc. or do/did to begin yes-no questions, you w i l l note that i n Afrikaans whole verbs as well as the verb parts is, was, het, etc. can be used to ask such questions. Neem jy deel aan die marathon? Gaan jy horn vra? K o m hy saam? H o u jy van horn? Het die kinders krieket gespeel? Is Suid-Afrika mooi?
Are you running in the marathon? Are you going to ask him? Is he coming with us? Do you like him? Did the kids play cricket? Is South Africa beautiful?
Note
There are few special things to remember about forming yes-no questions i n Afrikaans: • There is a comma after Ja and Nee. • Not in English is translated by the double negative, nie .. nie, in Afrikaans. • Note for now, that in Afrikaans, if a sentence is in the negative, the last word in the sentence will be a nie and that there will be another nie (or its equivalent) earlier i n the sentence close to the verb which it is negating. Exercise 5
You have been asked to set up a yes-no questionnaire for a survey. Y o u are required to elicit the following information/The first one has been done for you. You may use either kind of question formation - yes-no or question word formation (Unit 3). Example: kerkverband religious affiliation - » Is jy verband aan ' n kerk? Are you affiliated to a church? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Q
huwelikstaat marital status ouerskap parental status kinders offspring afhanklikes dependants skoolgangers school pupils huiseienaar home owner werknerner employee werkgewer employer pensioentrekker pensioner Exercise 6
N o w answer the questions i n your survey yourself in full sentences. Example: Ja, ek behoort aan ' n kerk.
Yes, I belong to a church.
Nee, ek behoort nie aan 'n kerk nie.
No, I do not belong to a church.
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D Public transport In the urban areas, except in the major cities of Johannesburg, C a p e Town and Durban, public transport is limited to buses and taxis. In addition cars can also be hired on a self-drive basis. Taxis and buses can be caught at bus stops and at special stops outside hotels and shopping malls. Conventional taxis can be ordered by telephone or hired at taxi ranks. In South Africa there are also minibus taxis, which not only park at ranks, but also cruise the streets in search of customers. If you stand by the side of the road with your index finger raised, you are asking a minibus taxi to stop and pick you up! Minibus taxis will also drop you exactly where you want to be, even if it is a no-stopping zone. They are cheap in comparison to conventional taxis and are more convenient and frequent than buses. They also do not follow fixed routes, so you can go virtually anywhere in them; even on long trips out of town. Nationally, trains cater for tourists and holiday makers. The luxurious (and expensive) 'Blue Train' ('Bloutrein'), which is famous for its good food, runs between C a p e Town and Pretoria. Steam train enthusiasts can travel on the 'Apple Express , which runs on a narrow gauge line between Port Elizabeth and Patensie. This is the railway which was used until about 1960 to transport fruit from the Long Kloof to the harbour in Port Elizabeth, from where the fruit was exported to Europe on the 'Mail boats'. 5
Very popular nowadays, and cheaper than trains, planes and hire cars, is travel by luxury coach. Tickets are booked through agents and/or the coach companies themselves. There are daily flights between all the major airports in the country and some smaller carriers run flights between the smaller centres and to many of the game reserves. stedelike gebiede openbarevervoer busse huurmotors/taxi's metrospoorsisteem minibustaxi's konvensioneel seifbestuur bushalte winkelsentrums
urban areas public transport buses taxis metro-rail systems minibus taxis conventional self-drive bus stops shopping malls
taxi-staanplek weelderig duur smalspoor goedkoper daagliks bespreek agente
taxi ranks luxurious expensive narrow gauge cheaper daily booked agents
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• Dialogue A t the reception desk of an hotel. Toeris Ontvangsdame
Toeris Ontvangsdame
Toeris Ontvangsdame
Toeris Ontvangsdame
Verskoon my, mevrou. Hoe kan ek in die stad kom? Die maklikste sal wees om by daardie venster waar dit sê 'kaartjies' te gaan toustaan en daar 'n kaartjie te koop. Wil u terugkeer hotel toe? J a , asseblief. Dan moet u vra vir 'n retoerkaartjie dorp toe. Dit sal R5 kos. Onthou die laaste bus vertrek om tienuur vanaf die bushalte op die Markplein. Dis dieselfde plek waar u gaan afklim. Dis 'n bietjie vroeg! Dan moet u eerder 'n enkelkaartjie koop en 'n taxi huur om terug te kom. Hier is die nommer van die taxi-maatskappy wat ons hotel diens*. Baie dankie. Ek waardeer u hulp. U is welkom. Geniet jou dag.
*Although the receptionist said 'bedien', 'diens' is preferable here. verskoon my stad ontvangsdame venster toustaan terugkom retoerkaartjie
excuse me city centre receptionist window queue return return ticket
afklim eerder enkelkaartjie terugkeer diens, bedien waardeer onthou
Exercise 7
Translate the above dialogue into English.
alight, get off rather single ticket return services appreciate remember
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O Self-drive journeys South Africa has an advanced National Roads system. The routes between the main centres are known as 'National Roads' and are numbered in order of importance. For example: the N1 runs between C a p e town and Pretoria, the N2 between C a p e Town and Durban and the N3 between Durban and Johannesburg.
Major highways
• Look and listen You hear the following from your tour guide: Die meeste nasionale paaie (hoofroetes) is nou tolpaaie, maar daar is alternatiewe roetes vir almal van hulle, soos deur die wet in Suid-Afrika vereis. Tolgeld hang af van die grootte van die voertuig en die lengte van die tolpad. Tolgeld wissel tussen R5 en R35. Die alternatiewe roetes is net so goed soos die nasionale paaie (en dikwels stiller en meer natuurskoon). Alle alternatiewe roetes, en baie van die platteland se paaie is geteer. Die meeste van hierdie paaie loop deur dorpies waar verversings, brandstof en akkommodasie beskikbaar is. Die nasionale paaie het diensstasies al langs die roetes. Sulke brandstof-sentrums bied ook ruskamers en restaurante aan. Daar is ook by party van hierdie stilhou-sentrums, outomatiese bank-masjiene.
Die brandstof-sentrums is op strategiese plekke op die hoofroetes geplaas om bestuurders aan te moedig om 'blaaskansies' te neem, sodat hulle nie moeg raak en dus verongeluk nie. Die veldtog word voortgesit deur die ' K o m veilig tuis' veldtog. Let op dat baie van die platteland se paaie, stof-/grondpaaie is. U moet versigtig ry en u spoed beperk. Moet ook nie skerp rem trap nie. K o m eerder stadig tot 'n stilstand. Pas ook op, dat u nie die onderkant van u motor beskadig op die 'middelmannetjies' nie. R y eerder met die een wiel op die rand van die middelmannetjie. Waarskuwing! As dit gereën het, mag die paaie in ' n slegte toestand wees, met slaggate en poele water. Die pad mag ook baie glipperig wees. Nadat die paaie opgedroog het, mag hulle ook miskien, geriffeld word - d.w.s. sinkplaatpaaie wees. Ry versigtig. K o m veilig tuis! hoofroetes tolpaaie alternatiewe roetes wet vereis tolgeld grootte voertuig wissel dikwels stil natuurskoon teer dorpies brandstof akkommodasie beskikbaar ruskamers stilhou strategies plaas bestuurders aan te moedig blaaskansies
main routes toll roads alternative routes law demands toll fees size vehicle ranges from often quiet scenic tar villages petrol/fuel accommodation available restrooms stop strategic place drivers encourage take a break
moeg raak verongeluk veldtog voorsit stof-/grondpaaie versigtig spoed beperk skerp rem trap tot 'n stilstand kom onderkant beskadig middelmannetjie wiel rand waarskuwing! reën toestand slaggate poele glipperig opdroog geriffeld d.w.s. sinkplaatpaaie
get tired have an accident campaign promote rough gravel roads carefully limit speed sharp to brake to stop underside damage hump wheel edge warning! rain condition potholes pools slippery dry off corrugated i.e. corrugated (i.e. rutted) roads
Exercise 8
You didn't quite understand everything your tour guide said, so you ask him/her the following questions. Give his/her answers i n English i n full sentences. Example: Is al die nasionale paaie nou tolpaaie? (Are all of the national roads now toll roads?) No, not all of them, but most. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Is daar net tolpaaie op die hoofroetes in Suid-Afrika? Watter van die paaie i n Suid-Afrika is nie geteer nie? Waar kan ons brandstof en iets te ete kry op die pad? O p watter paaie moet ons nie skerp rem trap nie? Waardeur kan die onderkant van die motor beskadig word? Wat kan gebeur met die paaie na dit gereën het? Wat is die naam van die Suid-Afrikaanse padveiligheidsveldtog ?
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In this unit you will learn • about South African 'B&Bs' • to say no! in Afrikaans • common telephone expressions • the Afrikaans variants of English all • about eating out in South Africa
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D In the last few years bed and breakfasts (known as B & B s in both British English and Afrikaans) have sprung up all over South Africa, in both urban and rural areas. B & B s offer cheaper accommodation than hotels and often give visitors a real chance to meet the 'locals' in their homes and thus absorb the local culture. You will probably even be able to practise your Afrikaans on them. Staying at a B&B in Soweto will afford you the opportunity to have an authentic African experience in terms of food, music and street theatre.
• Dialogue 1 [ CO J
M r s N t u l i welcomes her guests D i , M a r y and Dick to her B & B . mev. Ntuli Mary mev. Ntuii
Dick mev. Ntuli
Di mev. Ntuli
Di, Dick en M a r y
Goeiemiddag. Ek is mev. Ntuli, u gasvrou. Hartlik welkom by 'Kwelahuis'. Kom asseblief binne. Baie dankie, mev. Ntuli. Ek is Mary en dit is my suster, Di, en haar man, Dick, Aangename kennis. Kan ek u, u kamers wys? Ek het twee kamers langsaan mekaar vir u bespreek. Die badkamer en toilet is net oorkant die gang. Dankie. Hoe laat is ontbyt? Vanaf sewe-uur tot halftien. Hier is die spyskaart. Kies wat julle wil eet en los dit op jou laaikas voor sesuur vanaand. O n s sal dit dan kom haal. Is dit moontlik om ander etes te kry terwyl ons hier is? J a , seker. Solank u seker maak om* u besprekings teen tienuur in te dien. Dit is baie warm en julle is seker moeg. Hoe klink 'n koppie tee of koffie - of 'n koeldrank? Dankie. Koeldrank vir ons almal, asseblief!
*This is what mev. Ntuli should have said on the recording!
hartlik welkom kom binne asseblief/ kom asseblief binne man aangename kennis langsaan mekaar bespreek
welcome come in please/ please come in husband pleased to meet you adjoining reserve/book
oorkant gang kies solank seker bestellings in te dien klink koeldrank
across the way passage choose as long as surely orders to hand in, to place sound cold drink
Exercise 1 Two friends, Petra and Rachel, have arrived on Friday evening to spend the weekend with you. Use Dialogue 1 and the vocabulary box to complete the following dialogue, by replacing the English words i n italics with their Afrikaans equivalents. Jy Petra Jy Petra and Rachel Jy Petra and Rachel Jy Rachel Petra
Good evening, julle. Welcome. K o m binne. Thank you. How are you? Well, thanks and you? Dit gaan met ons goed, dankie. Kom ek wys julle where your rooms are. Petra you are here and Rachel you are across the passage. Thank you very much. Sit jou suitcases neer en come and drink some coffee. That will be very nice. Thank you. We will be there now-now.
Language patterns The negative form (1) Negative w o r d s We saw one use of the negative in Unit 8 where we used Nee to begin negative responses to yes-no questions. The negative form is known in Afrikaans as the Ontkennend and means, literally, denying. Afrikaans is a language which uses a double negative almost exclusively. The term 'double negative' means that there are two words which mark a negative sentence. For example, in English we might say: The children do not want to sleep. Here
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the not negates (denies) the statement The children want to sleep. In Afrikaans, however, we would negate the equivalent sentence Die kinders w i l slaap by saying, Die kinders w i l nie slaap nie. Compare the following sets of sentences: Positive Negative Dit is die boom van die jaar. Dit is nie die boom van die jaar nie. This is the tree of the year. This is not the tree of the yean Die kat jaag die hond. Die kat jaag nie die hond nie. The cat chases the dog. The cat does not chase the dog. Die Bokke kan skop! Die Bokke kan nie skop nie! The Boks can kick! 77?e Boks cannot kick!
Y o u will see that the basic negative word i n Afrikaans is nie (not). There are, however, others - just as there are others i n English besides not, like never, nothing, and hardly, for example. The Afrikaans words which follow all have positive and negative forms. Remember that when the negative form is used, a second nie must always occur with it and that the second nie always occurs as the very last word in the sentence. moet
must
al iemand almal
already someone all
êrens baie ooit o f . . . of iets altyd
somewhere much, many ever either ..or something always
moenie (moet nie) nog nie niemand geen geeneen nêrens niks nooit nóg .. nog niks nooit
mustn't (must not) not yet no one no, none no one nowhere nothing, no never neither.. nor nothing never
Look at the following examples: Positive Daar is iemand by die deur. There is someone at the doi Tweede Nuwejaar is altyd op 1 Januarie. Second New Year is always on 1 January.
Negative Daar is niemand by die deur nie. 77?ere is no one at the door. Tweede Nuwejaar is nooit op 1 Januarie nie. Second New Year is never on 1 January.
Ek het die brief ai gelees. / have already read the letter Daar is baie blomme in die veld. There are many flowers in the countryside. Gaan jy die naweek êrens? Are you going this weekend?
somewhere
Ek het die brief nog nie gelees nie. / have not yet read the letter. Daar is g e e n blomme in die veld nie. There are no flowers in the countryside. Nee, ek gaan die naweek nêrens nie. Ato. / am going nowhere this weekend.
Position of the first negative w o r d
In English the negative usually follows the verb parts as closely as possible. Afrikaans is a little different. In Afrikaans, the first negative word is also placed as close to the verb forms as possible, but the first negative may occur either before or after them. This will depend on the meaning of the sentence. Thus, a nie/nooit/nêrens .. may come before or after the verb forms. The easiest way to decide on where to put the first negative is to decide on what is being negated. (Remember that the second negative nie always comes at the end of the sentence.) Look at the following sentences. Positive Ons woon altyd die vuurwerke by. We always attend the fireworks. Ons sal die vuurwerke altyd bywoon. We will always attend the fireworks. Ons wou n o g altyd die vuurwerke bywoon. We have always wanted to attend the fireworks.
Negative Ons woon nooit die vuurwerke by nie. We never attend the fireworks. Ons sal die vuurwerke nooit bywoon nie. We will never attend the fireworks. Ons wou nog nooit die vuurwerke bywoon nie. We have never wanted to attend the fireworks.
In the first example, bywoon (attend) is being negated. In the second example bywoon (attend) is being negated. In the third example wou (wanted) is being negated. Thus, i n the first and second examples the attendance is being denied, whereas in the last two examples the speaker is denying the wish to attend.
In Afrikaans, the position of the first negative in relation to an adverbial phrase of time can fundamentally alter the meaning of a sentence. Look at the following examples and at the way in which the different placements of the first negative alter the sentence meaning: Atlete oefen die hele jaar net Athletes practise all year just for the Comrades. vir die Comrades. Atlete oefen nie die hele jaar Athletes do not practise all year just for the Comrades. net vir die Comrades nie. Atlete oefen die hele jaar nie Athletes practise all year, not just for the Comrades. net vir die Comrades nie. Die vliegtuig land om lOhOO The aeroplane lands at Heathrow at WhOO. op Heathrow. Die vliegtuig land nie om The aeroplane does not land lOhOO op Heathrow nie. at lOhOO at Heathrow. Die vliegtuig land om lOhOO The aeroplane does not land at Heathrow at 1 OhOO. nie op Heathrow nie. Exercise 2
O n the aircraft, you read the following article supposedly about South Africa. Unfortunately someone has inserted the incorrect block of text. M a k e the text accurate by changing it into the negative. Suid-Afrika is 'n koue reënerige land. Dis 'n klein land wat al 'n honderd jaar vry is. Jy sal êrens in die bos tiers teëkom. Suid-Afrika is 'n land van dodo's en paradysvoëls. Net Indiërs woon in Suid-Afrika en al hulle dorpe en stede is aan die kus. Iemand sal vir jou kan reel om in die woestyn te toer. Jy sal daar êrens vervoer kan kry. reënerig rainy tier/s tiger/s teëkom encounter kus coast
reel woestyn toer vervoer
arrange desert tour transport
Language patterns
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The negative form (2) There are a few occasions in Afrikaans where there is only one negative i n a sentence, but these are exceptional uses. The general rule i n Afrikaans is to have two negatives, and this is why we we learn about the double negative before we learn about the single. Single negatives usually occur in simple present tense sentences which reflect one of the following patterns: 1. Sentences which have only a subject and a verb. Afrikaans Die kinders slaap. Die kinders slaap nie. Piet en Gert luister. Piet en Gert luister nie. Die Bokke wen. Die Bokke wen nie.
English The children are sleeping. The children are not sleeping. Piet en Gert are listening. Piet and Gert are not listening. The Boks are winning. The Boks are not winning.
2. Sentences w h i c h have objects that are p r o n o u n s . Afrikaans Mary haai dit. Mary haai dit nie. Piet drink dit. Piet drink dit nie. Sannie bedien hulle. Sannie bedien hulle nie.
English Mary is fetching it. Mary is not fetching it. Piet is drinking it. Piet is not drinking it. Sannie is serving them. Sannie is not serving them.
3. Sentences which begin with an adverbial phrase. Afrikaans O p die lugdiens kry ons gratis drankies. O p die lugdiens kry ons gratis drankies nie.
English On this (air) carrier we get free drinks. On this (air) carrier we do not get free drinks.
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Note 1 Compound verbs always take the double negative: M a r y k o m saam met Dick en D i . M a r y k o m nie saam met Dick en D i nie. Die huurmotor laai julle hier op. Die huurmotor laai julle nie hier op nie. Die passassiers haal hulle bagasie daar af. Die passassiers haal hulle bagasie nie hier af nie. Hulle tel die rommel op. Hulle tel die rommel nie op nie.
Mary is coming with Dick and Di. Mary is not coming with Dick and Di. The taxi picks you up here. The taxi does not pick you up here. The passengers collect their baggage there. The passengers do not collect their baggage there. They are picking up the rubbish. They are not picking up the rubbish.
saamkom coming with oplaai pick up
afhaal optel
collect pick up
2 A very few words in becoming their opposites imply the negative, but do not usually take a nie. Ja, dit is waar. Nee, dit is onwaar. Ja, dit is moontlik. Nee, dit is onmoontlik. Ja, ek herken dit. Nee, ek ontken dit. Ja, ek aanvaar dit. Nee, ek verwerp dit.
Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No,
it is true. it is false. it is possible. it is impossible. I admit it. I deny it. I accept that. I reject that.
In the positive sentences below we would be likely to stress the is in both the English and Afrikaans sentences. Should we wish to use positive words (waar, moontlik) with nie .. nie, the stress comes on the first nie where in English we stress the not. This construction is emphatic. Dit is waar. Dit is nie waar nie.
It is true. It is not true.
Dit is moontlik. Dit is nie moontlik nie.
It is possible. It is not possible.
Other opposite words follow the normal simple present tense sentence S V only rule and take only one nie. Ek herken dit. Ek herken dit nie.
I admit it. I do not admit it.
Ek aanvaar dit. Ek aanvaar dit nie.
I accept it. I do not accept it.
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3 óf .. of; n ó g .. n ó g either.. or; neither.. nor These words are the Afrikaans equivalents of the English either .. or and neither .. nor^ respectively. There is no nie in the negative (nog .. nog) sentence: O f D i of M a r y sal nou stort. Either Di or Mary will shower now. N o g D i nog M a r y sal Neither Di nor Mary will nou stort. shower now. Jy kan of ' n taxi of ' n bus soontoe neem. Jy kan nog 'n taxi nog ' n bus soontoe neem. Hulle gaan of Kimberley of Oudtshoorn toe. Hulle gaan nog Kimberley nog Oudtshoorn toe.
You can take either a taxi or bus there. You can take neither a taxi nor a bus there. They are going to either Kimberley or Oudtshoorn. They are going to neither Kimberley nor Oudtshoorn.
Exercise 3
Write the following memo on the house rules of the B & B in the negative. M E M O -
•
HUISORDE
rook en sterk drank word in die kamers toegelaat
• tydskrifte mag weggedra word •
sleutels moet in u deure gelos word
•
partytjies word in u kamers toegelaat
•
onderklere moet in die kamers gewas word
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rook smoking sterk drank strong drink toelaat allowed
tydskrifte sleutels partytjies
magazines keys parties
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D South Africa is a vast country which it is almost impossible to cover with telephone lines and electrical cables. Cell phones (mobiles) are very common in South Africa, and in rural areas are often the only form of communication. In Unit 2, Mrs Smit used her landline to telephone her butcher. You learnt some telephone etiquette there. In the following description you will come across some typical telephonic expressions. You should learn them.
• Look and listen Mev. N t u l i skakel die huurmotor-maatskappy om ' n taxi te bestel. Sy sê haar gaste moet ' n luitjie gee as hulle iets nodig het. Sy sê Themba sal 'n boodskap neem as sy êrens besig is. Dick wil iets vra. Mev. N t u l i vra die taxibestuurder om ' n oomblik aan te hou, terwyl sy na Dick luister. Dick w i l weet of hulle sommer met die taxibestuurder kan afspreek om hulle weer drie-uur op te laai. Mev. N t u l i vra die taxibestuurder of hy bereid is om nou al af te spreek om haar gaste drie-uur op te laai. H y sê hulle moet eerder, wanneer hulle gereed is, sy beheersentrum bel en vra o m hulle deur te skakel na horn. H y w i l weet of die gaste 'n selfoon het. D i het een, so alles is in die haak. skakel bestel luitjie boodskap neem oomblik aan te hou sommer afspreek
to phone opiaai to order bereid gereed call (slang) take a message beheerserrtrum a moment deur te skakel selfoon hang on just (slang) alles is in die haak arrange
pick up prepared ready control centre patch through mobile phone ready to roll
Exercise 4
Answer the following questions in Afrikaans. 1 Waarom skakel mev. Ntuli die huurmotor-maatskappy? 2 Wat sê sy haar gaste moet maak as hulle iets nodig het?
3 H o e k o m vra mev. N t u l i die taxibestuurder om a a n te hou? 4 V i r wie moet die gaste bel as hulle met die taxibestuurder w i l praat? 5 W a t sê die taxibestuurder moet die gaste die beheer-sentrum vra om te doen wanneer hulle horn w i l he? O The telephone signals in South Africa are different from those in Europe. • The 'tring-tring, tring-tring' is the ringing tone. • The one-second spaced 'beep, beep, beep' is an engaged signal. • Rapid 'beep, beep, beep, beep' signals means the main line is busy and you cannot be connected to the area you want. • The long two-second 'beeeep, beeeep, beeeep' means the phone is out of order or disconnected.
Language patterns The forms of 'all' in Afrikaans Look at the following sentences and their Afrikaans equivalents: Hulle het al hulle ontbyt geëet. Mev. N t u l i het al die reelings getref. Sy het hulle al die nodige inligting gegee. Sy het almal van hulle ' n goeie dag toe gewens. Alle reelings is getref.
They ate all their breakfast. Mrs Ntuli made all the arrangements. She gave them all the necessary information. She wished all of them a good day. Ml the arrangements are complete.
In the sentences above, the Afrikaans word-equivalents for the English all are each describing a noun which follows them: al -> ontbyt al -+ (die) reelings al -> (die nodige) inligting almal —• (van) hulle alle —• reelings When the Afrikaans equivalent forms follow their noun, almal is used for everything and alle and alles as above. Compare the following examples.
Die katte het almal lekker gespeel. A l die katte het lekker gespeel.
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The cats all played happily. All the cats played happily.
Sy het al die katte kos gegeee. She gave all the cats food. She gave food to all the cats. Sy het die katte almal kos gegee.
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Piet, Sannie en Pa slaap almal. Piet, Sannie and Dad are all sleeping. She wished them all a Sy het hulle almal ' n good day. goeie dag toe gewens. Exercise 5
Choose the correct form of all in the following sentences. 1 Julie sal nie (alles, almal, al, alle) in Suid-Afrika kan sien nie. 2 D i e toeskouers sal (alles, almal, a l , alle) die Bokke ondersteun. 3 Sit (alles, almal, al, alle) die kos in die kas. 4 Die kos moet (alles, almal, al, alle) in die kas k o m . 5 Ons het (alles, almal, al, alle) roete probeer, maar nie die regie een gekry nie. 6 Mev. N t u l i het (alles, almal, al, alle) gedoen om hulle te help. 7 Die taxibestuurder het hulle (alles, almal, a l , alle) die interessante plekke gewys. 8 Jy sal (alles, almal, al, alle) die woorde moet leer. 9 (Alles, almal, al, alle) die honde blaf. 10 Die honde blaf (alles, almal, al, alle). Exercise 6
Translate the following into Afrikaans.
Information for guests •
P l e a s e switch off your lights w h e n y o u leave your r o o m .
•
P l e a s e take your keys with y o u w h e n y o u leave your r o o m .
•
P l e a s e lock your door.
•
P l e a s e p l a c e your breakfast order by 18h00 the night before.
• Tea a n d coffee is available at all times in the dining r o o m . •
Television is available in the lounge.
Enjoy!
D Eating out Restaurants Eating out is a great South African pastime, even in winter when the weather is less kind. Every hotel has at least a dining room and many have several restaurants in addition. S o m e of the restaurants cater for family groups, while others, which are generally more up-market, cater for business and professional groups. All over the cities and even in villages you will find restaurants both simple and sophisticated. A s smoking is banned in public and workplace environments in South Africa, restaurants that wish to cater for smokers have to have special smoking areas which are hermetically sealed from the nonsmoking areas. Cigarettes may not be sold to anyone under 16.
Pubs The South African pub culture is becoming more and more like British pub culture. Pubs are still, however, mostly associated with drinking and eating rather than just drinking. This in itself is a change from the seventies and before, when pubs were called 'bars' and were drinking places for men only - women were not even allowed in. When, in the seventies, 'ladies' bars' became popular, really 'decent' women did not enter them. Women were served in 'lounges'! The term 'pub' used to be used solely to describe offsales/off-licences. The tendency nowadays is to use the term 'bottle store' for off-sales and 'pub' for a place to drink and eat - and usually, smoke. The words 'off-sales' and 'off-licence' seem to have fallen into disuse. Under 18s may not be served liquor in pubs (or anywhere else for that matter), but now they are allowed in pubs which serve food.
Cafes Cafes in South Africa are small shops in which basics like bread, milk, sweets, cigarettes, cold drinks, newspapers and magazines can be bought.
Coffee shops Coffee shops in South Africa are more like French cafes, but serve no liquor, only a range of coffees and light meals and confectionery.
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There are hundreds of fast-food restaurants in South Africa. They sell everything from chicken to sushi and hamburgers and hummus. Most of the international fast-food brands are available in South Africa. uiteet vermaak weer besigheidsmense professionele gesofistikeerd verbode openbaar werkplek omgewing drank rook-area lugdig sigarette ordentlike buite-verkope tendens deesdae 'bottelstoor' koerante tydskrifte
eating out pastime weather business people professional sophisticated banned/forbidden public work place environment liquor smoking-area hermetic cigarettes decent off-sales tendency nowadays bottle store newspapers magazines
During the apartheid years, people of colour were not allowed into white hotels and bars and could only be sold liquor from off-sales in the 'townships'. A shebeen culture sprang up, particularly in the black townships. Frequently, the liquor served there was (and, sometimes, still is) home-brewed, traditional African beer. Today, shebeens are an integral part of South African society.
The following exercises are simply for oral practice. Q
Exercise 7
You are with four children in the Wees Tuis restaurant. Order something to eat and drink for yourself and for each of the children from the following menu.
wees tuis SPYSKAART Vis en skyf ies Skyfies Worsbroodjie Hamburger Hamburger en skyfies Worsrolletjie
R15.50 R6,00 R6.00 R13,50 R19,50 R5,50
Geroosterde toebroodjies: tamatie en kaas ham en kaas tamatie, ham en kaas tamatie en spek spek en eiers
R5,50 R6.00 R7.00 R6,00 R6.50
Koffie Tee Koeldrank Melk Roomysmelk
R4.50 R4,00 R5,00 R3,50 R6,50
Roomys
R5,50
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Exercise 8
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a Y o u are at a formal dinner. From the following menu, order a starter, a main course and a dessert, b The waiter shows you the wine list. Order something to drink during your meal and something to drink after the meal.
Spyskaart Voorgereg vrugtekelkie tuna-kelkie hoenderlewertjies slakke met knoffel garnale in kaassous sampioene i n wynsous
Hoofgereg
lynvis van die dag smoorsnoek koningklip kreef gebraaide: varkboud skaapboud beesbredie almal bedien met groente Nagereg roomys met sjokolade sous kersies i n rooiwyn kaasbord koíïie en likeur
Wynkaart Rooii Dieman Shiraz Paulet Pinotage Triomf Cinsaut
Wit:
Classic Chardonnay De Wet Chenin Blanc Robbins Riesling
Vonkelwyn: Brillig Soet Brillig Sec Brillig Ekstra Sec
Likenrss Amarula Café
Mintando
wees tuis spyskaart skyfies worsbroodjie worsrolletjie geroosterde toebroodjie tamatie kaas spek eiers roomysmelk roomys deftig voorgereg kelkie hoenderlewertjies slakke knoffel garnale kaassous sampioene wynsous hoofgereg iynvis smoorsnoek koningklip kreef gebraaide vark skaap beesbredie bedien met groente nagereg kersies kaasbord rooi wit vonkelwyn likeur
feel at home menu chips hotdog sausage roll toasted sandwhich tomato cheese bacon eggs milkshake ice cream smart starter cocktail chicken livers snails garlic mussels cheese sauce mushrooms wine sauce main course line-fish braised snoek (type of fish) kingklip (type of fish) crab roasted pork lamb beef stew served with vegetables dessert cherries cheese board red white sparkling wine liqueur
o o £ 3 0) In this unit you will learn • about shopping in South Africa • how to use conjunctions and their clauses • about the 'Proudly South African' campaign • more variation in word order • about going to market
O Shopping South African shops and the South African shopping experience are equai to the best in the world. South African fruit, for example, can rarely be beaten for quality and is readily available and cheap. Fruit and vegetables are sold, not only in shops, but also at farm stalls and along the urban streets by hawkers. Many public buildings have their cluster of hawkers offering fruit and drinks, and sometimes snacks, to their customers. South Africa's gold, diamond and platinum is renowned throughout the world and is still relatively cheap. South African jewellery craftsmen are justifiably acclaimed and all have recognized formal outlets both in shopping malls and at selected upmarket hotels and the major game reserves. Tourist discounts are available to those who present their passports as evidence of their tourist status. A 'value added tax' (VAT) of 1 4 % (currently) is added to all purchases other than basic, unprepackaged foods. While VAT is almost always inclusive, i.e. already added on to the marked price, this is not so at supermarkets. At supermarkets, because of the differentiation between basic unpackaged foods and other 'luxury' prepackaged foods, VAT is calculated on the total purchase, excluding VAT-free foods. Since 2003, customers have been expected to supply their own shopping bags. This measure was instituted as a conservation measure to limit the number of plastic bags littering the environment. Shopping bags can be bought cheaply at all shops, but the distribution of thin plastic bags is prohibited by law. South Africans are encouraged through the 'Proudly South African' campaign to buy South African and many goods carry the 'Proudly South African' logo as well as the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) logo, which is a guarantee of quality and fine workmanship. inkopies goud silwer witgoud ware juweliersware juwelier padstalletjies smous drinkgoed
purchases gold silver platinum goods jewellery jeweller farm stalls hawker beverages
peuselhappies kopers goedkoop afslag BTW inklusief eksklusief strokie prys kruideniersware algemene handelaar drankwïnkel uitrusters hardeware winkei boekwinkel apteker verkoopsassistent winskopie uitverkoping plastiese sakkies Trots Suid-Afrikaans
snacks customers cheap discount VAT inclusive exclusive till slip price groceries general dealer bottle store outfitters hardware store bookshop chemist sales assistant bargain sale plastic bags Proudly South African
Exercise 1
Translate into English the following flyer advertising shopping opportunities in South Africa.
UITVERKOPING 50% op alle ware Goud en silwerware en diamante teen afslagpryse. Alle juweliersware sonder BTW aan toeriste. Jaarlikse uitverkoping.
Moef dit nie misloop nie!!
Language patterns Conjunctions In Afrikaans, as in English, conjunctions (joining words) are used to join a series of simple sentences to form a complex sentence. The effect is, in essence, a stylistic one, which prevents the impression of a choppy, 'telegraph' style. For example, we would be unlikely to speak in the following way in English: The sun was shining. The sardines were running. We planned to spend the day on the beach. The sardines were running. We wanted to catch some. We put buckets in the car. We also took our binoculars with us. The hump-backed whales had followed the sardines up the coast. We would be more likely to say: The sun was shining and the sardines were running, so we planned to spend the day on the beach. Because the sardines were running and we wanted to catch some, we put buckets in the car. We also took our binoculars with us because the hump-backed whales had followed the sardines up the coast. The words and, so and because are all conjunctions. The original eight sentences have been combined into three but there has been no change in the meaning of the original text. We can do the same in Afrikaans, but in Afrikaans the process is generally more complicated, because most conjunctions affect the word order of the sentence which follows the conjunction. (Note, however, that in Afrikaans we generally avoid the long complicated sentences so common in English. English-speaking writers, myself included, often find it difficult to remember to limit their sentence length when they write i n Afrikaans.) Conjunctions a n d w o r d order
In English, conjunctions hardly ever affect the word order of the sentences which f o l l o w them. In Afrikaans, however, conjunctions often change the position of the verb particles. There are three sets of conjunctions in Afrikaans, each of which has a different effect on the word order. Below is a list of the more common conjunctions and the set to which each belongs.
Group 1 no change in word order en and maar but
want because of or óf.. óf either.. or nóg .. nógneither.. nor
Group 2 verb or auxiliary comes after adverb dus therefore, so daarom therefore, so dan then (future) toe then (past) gevolglik as a result
Group 3 verb at the end of the sentence dat that omdat because nadat after sodat so that totdat until voordat before tog yef daarna then, thereafter wat which, that, who nietemin nevertheless wanneer when intussen in between as if, then, when terwyl while (al)hoewel (al)though tensy unless waarom why hoekom why
toe when hoe how soos as
waar(in) (in) which (met) wie (with) who(m) waarheen where (motion) as of as if
U
Group 1
For these conjunctions there is no change in word order. 1. Sannie speel tennis. Themba speel voetbal. Sannie speel tennis en Themba speel voetbal.
Sannie plays tennis. Themba plays soccer. Sannie plays tennis and Themba plays soccer.
2. M a het gebak. Pa het gelees. Mum baked. Dad read. M a het gebak, maar Pa het Mum baked, but Dad read. gelees. 3. Bring skyfies. Bring pretzels. Bring crisps. Bring pretzels. Bring of skyfies of pretzels. Bring either crisps or pretzels. 4. Die algemene handelaar was The general store was open. oop. Die drankwinkel The bottlestore was open. was oop. N o g die algemene handelaar Neither the general store nor the bottlestore was open. nog die drankwinkel was oop.
5. Sy koop diamante. Diamante She is buying diamonds. is goedkoop in Suid-Afrika. Diamonds are cheap in South Africa. Sy koop diamante want hulle She is buying diamonds is goedkoop in Suid-Afrika. because they are cheap in South Africa. Q
Group 2
In this group, verbs or verb parts come immediately after the conjunction. 1. Die fietsryer het geval. Die fietsryer het onmiddellik gestort. Die fietsryer het geval, daarom het hy onmiddellik gestort.
The cyclist fell. The cyclist showered immediately.
2. Hulle sal diere kyk. Hulle sal braai. Hulle sal diere kyk, dan sal hulle braai.
They will look at the animals. They will hraai (barbecue). They will look at the animals then they will braai (barbecue).
3. Die verkoopsassistent het die pakkie toegedraai. Sy het dit vir D i gegee.
The shop assistant wrapped the parcel. She gave it to Di.
The cyclist fell so he showered immediately.
Die verkoopsassistent het die The shop assistant wrapped pakkie toegedraai toe the parcel then gave it dit vir D i gegee. to Di. 4. Mandela was lank in die tronk. H y is nie bitter nie.
Mandela was in jail a long time. He is not hitter.
Mandela was lank in die tronk tog is hy nie bitter nie.
Mandela was in jail a long time yet he is not bitter.
Q
Group 3
The full verb comes at the end of the sentence when using Group 3 conjunctions. 1. Die San woon nou in dorpies. The San now live in villages. Hulle mag nie meer jag nie. They may no longer hunt. Die San woon nou in dorpies, The San now live in villages, omdat hulle nie meer because they may no mag jag nie. longer hunt. Remember: If a sentence is in the negative, the last word will always be nie.
2. Die kantore was gesluit. Dit was Boomplantdag. Die kantore was gesluit toe dit Boomplantdag was.
The offices were closed. It was Arbor Day. The offices were closed when it was Arbor Day.
3. Die toeriste het vroeg in The tourists were in bed early. die bed gekom. Hulle het They had walked in the die hele dag in die veld veld all day. geloop. Die toeriste het vroeg in The tourists were in bed early die bed gekom, nadat hulle after they had walked in the veld all day. die hele dag in die veld geloop het. 4. Koop jy die medisyne by Buy the medicine from the die apteek. Ek koop die chemist. I buy the kruideniersware. groceries. Koop jy die medisyne by die Buy the medicine from the apteek terwyl ek die chemist while I buy the kruideniersware koop. groceries. 5. Michael het die kelner Michael asked the waiter. gevra. Die rooiwyn is The red wine was so so duur. expensive. Michael het die kelner Michael asked the waiter why gevra hoekom die rooiwyn the red wine was so so duur is. expensive. 6. Hulle eet nie nagereg nie. They do not eat dessert. Hulle hou nie daarvan nie. They do not like it. Hulle eet nie nagereg nie They do not eat dessert because otndat hulle nie daarvan they do not like it. hou nie. 7. Piet sal ons ' n luitjie gee. H y k o m vanaand kuier. Piet sal ons 'n luitjie gee voordat hy vanaand k o m kuier.
Piet will give us a ring. He comes to visit tonight. Piet will give us a ring before he comes to visit tonight.
Note • Want and omdat both mean because^ but belong in different 'groups'. Use want when you can as there is no word order change after it. • For all conjunctions ending in -dat, the verb comes at the end of the sentence.
Exercise 2
Replace the English word in the following sentences with the correct Afrikaans one. Example: X a i hou van sprinkane, hut Piet sal hulle nie eet nie. —• X a i hou van sprinkane, maar Piet sal hulle nie eet nie. 1 2 3 4 5
Die span gaan feesvier after hulle gewen het. Hulle w i l weet if daar koningklip op die spyskaart is. M a r y en D i gaan inkopies doen when hulle dorp toe gaan. Kaptein Bruinders het die net ingegooi then verder geseil. Mev. Smit maak haar eie konfyt and haar eie brood en hotter.
Exercise 3
Join the following sentences by using the conjunctions in brackets. Example: Jan bly in die bed. H y is siek. (omdat) —• Jan bly in die bed omdat hy siek is. 1 Jy moet skoene aantrek. Daar is slange in die veld, (want) 2 Die Hindus gebruik baie kerse gedurende Diwali. Dit is die 'Fees van Ligte'. (omdat) 3 Piet het vroeg gekom. H y wou sy padda graag opsny. (aangesien) 4 Die rugbywedstryd sal gespeel word. Dit het baie hard gereën. (alhoewel) 5 Jy sal nou moet ry. Jy w i l jou inkopies doen. Die winkels sluit. (as, voordat) 6 Die werkers sal eers gate maak. Die borne sal geplant word, (dan) 7 Die maatskappy het die borne gekoop. Die werkers het hulle geplant. (toe) 8 Hulle het gaan draf. Hulle het die huis klaar skoongemaak. (nadat)
B Shop till you drop Clothing in South Africa is relatively cheap. Sizing generally follows British sizes, but US and European sizes are often also given.
Specialist men's outfitters and women's boutiques are very common and are to be found in all shopping mails. Some terms for articles of clothing are typically South African or are used in a particular way. plakkies beanie takkies, tekkies stokies pants T-shirt jersey
thong sandals woollen cap tennis shoes soft towelling shoes men's and women's trousers/women's any pullover-type cotton shirt cardigan or pullover
knickers
The following vocabulary boxes contain the words you need to be able to 'shop till you drop'. You w i l l have come across some of the words before.
Groente en vrugte Vegetables and fruit aartappel aspersie beet blaarslaai blomkooi ertjies (geel)wortel groenbone knoffel mielie pampoen patat pietersielie sampioen skorsie ui witwortel
potato asparagus beetroot lettuce cauliflower peas carrot green beans garlic maize pumpkin sweet potato parsley mushroom gem squash onion parsnip
appel appelkoos druiwe koejawei lemoen naartjie papaja peer perske piesang pomelo pynappel spanspek suurlemoen tamatie vy waatlemoen
apple apricot grapes guava orange tangerine papaya pear peach banana grapefruit pineapple sweet melon lemon tomato fig watermelon
Vleis en melkprodukte Meat and dairy products beesvleis biefstuk biltong boerewors frikkadel hoender lewer maalvleis niertjie skaapvleis spek tjop sosatie varkvleis
beef steak jerky farm sausage meatball chicken liver mince kidney lamb bacon chop kebab pork
botter bottermelk kaas maaskaas melk room roomys joghurt
butter buttermilk cheese cream cheese milk cream ice cream yoghurt
Drinkgoed Beverages brandewyn koeldrank
brandy cold drink
koffie: wit coffee: white swart black kitskoffie instant
tee tea water: stil water: still vonkel sparkling wyn: rooi wine: red white wit sweet soet dry droë
melk: volroom milk: fullcream 2% semivrugtesap fruit juice skimmed
Allerlei Miscellaneous aartappelskyfies asyn eiers bakpoeier brood
crisps neute nuts vinegar sout en pepper salt and pepper eggs pap porridge baking powder sigarette cigarettes bread roosterbrood toast
broodrolletjies via grondboontjies heuning kapokaartappels kelkie konfyt lekkers margarien olyfolie
bread rolls slaptjips custard graankos peanuts sop honey sous mashed potatoes tamatiesous cocktail toebroodjies jam vissmeer sweets vet margarine vuurhoudjies olive oil mostert
chips cereal soup sauce, gravy tomato sauce sandwiches fishpaste lard matches mustard
Kleding Clothing baadjie baaibroek baaikostuum bikini bra broek broekieskouse das doek drafskoene frokkie gordel handskoene hemp hoed
jacket japon bathing costume kamerjas onderbroek (male) bathing costume pak (klere) (female) pantoffeis reënjas bikini piakkies bra rok pants, panties romp tights serp tie slenterpak scarf (head) running shoes sweetpak vest takkies, tekkies trui belt jas gloves shirt hat
gown (hospital) gown (home) underpants suit slippers raincoat sandals dress skirt scarf (neck) tracksuit tracksuit tennis shoes jersey, pullover coat
Exercise 4 You are planning a trip to a game reserve. Your reservations are for self-catering accommodation. Y o u find the following advice for self-catering meals i n an Afrikaans guide book. Translate the paragraph into English for your friends who cannot read Afrikaans, but who are going to do the shopping.
mJÊ
Die maklikste kos om saam te neem is vrugte, aartappels en vleis. Drinkgoed soos vrugtesap, koffie, tee en melk is ook belangrik. Maak seker dat u water het. Vir ontbyt is óf p a p of graankos die maklikste. Braai elke aand genoeg vleis om die volgende dag vir middagete koud te eet. U kan brood en gekookte eiers en tamaties saam met die koue braai eet. Moenie die botter, sout en die suiker, of die houd en vuurhoutjies, vergeet nie.
Exercise 5
Using the paragraph above, write out a shopping list for your friends, giving both the English and Afrikaans terms to help them learn some Afrikaans. Exercise 6
Your partner, Robin, has left some clothes he now needs at your friend Sarie's house. Your partner asks you to translate the following letter to Sarie into Afrikaans. DearSarie, How are gou? We are enjoying ourselves, but it is cold here. I, therefore, need my red cardigan and mg black coat I also need some socks and a tracksuit. Please send them to me. Regards, Robin
Language patterns Q Word order when clauses begin sentences You will remember from Unit 4 that when we move time, place and manner phrases or words to the beginning of a sentence, the word order changes. When we move clauses (the part of the complex sentence which begins with the conjunction) to the beginning of complex sentences, the word order may also change. Generally, only clauses beginning with Group 2 and 3 conjunctions can be moved to the beginning of the complex sentence.
The position of the verb in the clause, as you learnt earlier, depends on the type of conjunction used. When the sentence begins with a Group 2 or Group 3 conjunction clause, the verb and the verb parts in the main clause (the one that does not start with a conjunction) are affected. L o o k at the following examples. 1. Piet gaan vroeg skool toe, Piet is going to school early omdat hy sy padda w i l because he wants to cut up opsny. his frog. Omdat hy sy padda wil opsny, Because he wants to cut up gaan Piet vroeg skool toe. his frog, Piet is going to school early. 2. Die winkels was al gesluit, toe M a r y en D i opgedaag het. Toe Mary en D i opgedaag het, was die winkels al gesluit.
The shops were already closed when Mary and Di arrived.
3. Die skare sing met vreugde, wanneer die Bokke 'n drie druk. Wanneer die Bokke 'n drie druk, sing die skare met vreugde.
The crowd sings with joy when the Boks score a try.
When Mary and Di arrived, the shops were already closed.
When the Boks score a try, the crowd sings with joy.
4. Hulle het gisteraand die They played the match last wedstryd gespeel, alhoewel night, although it rained dit hard gereën het. hard. Alhoewel dit hard gereën het, Although it rained hard, they het hulle gisteraand die played the match last night. wedstryd gespeel. 5. Jy sal nie 'n bespreking kry nie, tensy jy vandag bespreek. Tensy jy vandag bespreek, sal jy nie ' n bespreking kry nie.
You will not get a booking unless you book today. Unless you book today, you will not get a booking.
Note • When the clause begins the sentence, there is always a comma separating it from the main clause. • There is always a comma between verbs in Afrikaans.
Exercise 7
Join the following sentences using the conjunctions in brackets. Example: Die Springbokke sal nooit wen nie. Hulle bereid is om te oefen. (tensy) —• Die Springbokke sal nooit wen nie, tensy hulle bereid is om te oefen. 1 Die lugdiens het nie hulle laat weet nie. Die vlug is gister gekanselleer. (waarom) 2 Die lugdiens het hulle laat weet. Die vlug is gister gekanselleer. (voordat) 3 Die lugdiens moes hulle laat weet. Die vlug is gekanselleer. (omdat) 4 Die werkgewers het hulle werkers 'n vakansiedag gegee. Hulle het almal die jaar hard gewerk. (aangesien) 5 Die skool bring hulle leerlinge Suid-Afrika toe. Die somervakansie begin Juliemaand. (sodra) Exercise 8
Using the complex sentences you made in Exercise 7, invert each sentence by beginning with the conjunction clause. Example: Die Springbokke sal nooit wen nie. Hulle nie bereid is om te oefen nie. (tensy) —• Die Springbokke sal nooit wen nie, tensy hulle bereid is om te oefen. —• Tensy hulle bereid is om te oefen, sal die Springbokke nooit wen nie.
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o
In this unit you will learn • about prepositions • prepositional verbs • what to do in an emergency • about herbs that heal • how to cope with illness
B
Emergencies
Wherever you are in the world, whether at home or abroad, you may face an emergency. Such emergencies may be as simple as a flat tyre or as complex as suddenly falling ill. The general emergency number in South Africa is 10111 which will put you in contact with the police who will link you to other emergency services. There are emergency telephones along all the major toll roads and highways, but not along the others. It is common for travellers to carry mobile phones with them on long trips. The A A (Automobile Association) is the most common emergency motor vehicle service, but there are others. Q
Exercise 1
Read the following piece while you listen to the recording, then translate it into English using the vocabulary box below to help you. Verskoon my, meneer. K a n u ons help? Ons huurmotor het 'n papband en daar is geen domkrag in die kattebak nie. Ons moet ook die spaarband oppomp want dit is ook pap. nooddienstes noodgevalie hospitaal ambulans brandweer polisie reddingsdiens werktuigkundige insleep huurmotor papband domkrag spaarwiel pap paneelklopper
emergency services battery remme emergencies hospital enjin flikkerlig ambulance fire brigade ratkas police registrasienommer rescue service vergasser verkoeler mechanic tow windskerm hire car vonkprop kattebak flat tyre jack enjinkap sitplekgordel spare wheel oppomp flat panel beater rybewys, lisensie
battery brakes engine indicator gearbox licence plate accelerator radiator windscreen sparkplug boot bonnet seatbelt inflate licence
Language patterns Prepositions Prepositions are (usually) small words that combine with nouns to give a sense of direction. As in English they are generally used to combine a verb (action) with a noun which usually, but not always, follows it. Prepositions thus function in Afrikaans as they do in English. Die boek is op die tafel. Sy het die boek op die tafel gesit. X a i het nader aan die bok geloop. Die renoster vryf homself/ haarself teen die boom. Ons het die domkrag onder die motor vasgemaak. Teen die bult het ons 'n leeu gesien. O p die bed lê Baba Beer. Die son sak in die weste.
The book is on the table. She put the book on the table. Xai walked closer to the buck. The rhino is rubbing itself against the tree. We attached the jack under the car. Against the hill we saw a lion. On the bed lay Baby Bear. The sun sinks in the west.
Prepositions frequently imply a sense of place, direction or motion. In our mother tongues, we usually know instinctively which prepositions go with which verbs. When we are learning a foreign language like Afrikaans, we have to learn the verb-preposition combinations. A list of the most common prepositions and idiomatic prepositional phrases in Afrikaans follows. The list is rather long but don't be daunted. Look them up as you need them. You will learn them by using them. I P r e p o s i t i o n s a n d prepositional p h r a s e s Preposition Prepositional phrase aan
ly aan malaria
the picture hangs on the wall hand in hand write to Sannie think of you suffer from malaria
anderkant die straat
on the other side of the street
die prent hang aan die muur hand aan hand skryf aan Sannie dink aan jou
anderkant
binne
binne twee uur binne die tent
within two hours inside the tent
binnekant
binnekant is dit koei
it is cool inside
o
bo
bo agtien
over eighteen
CO
sit dit bo-op die yskas bo-op
staan bo-op die stoel
put it on top of the fridge stand on the chair
buite
speei buite buite my bereik buite my rekening
play outside beyond my ability outside my reckoning
buitekant
buitekant is dit warm
it is hot outside
by
ontmoet by hardloop by my verby by voorbaat dank by die venster uit by die venster in by die deur uit
meet at runs by past me thanking you in anticipation out of the window in at the window out of the door
loop deur die tuin
deur middel van werk deur die nag
walk through the garden by means of work through the night
duskant
duskant die straat
this side of the street
gedurende
gedurende die vakansies
during the holidays
in
in die huis
in the house climbing in the mountains in your coffee in comparison with walk down the street
deur
klim in die berg in jou koffie in vergelyking met loop in die straat af (in .. af)
sit Iangs
aiong/next to the road walk along the river sit next to
met
praat met met vakansie groet met die hand kom saam met my
talk to on holiday shake hands come with me
na
stap na die winkel kyk na die diere verlang na die huis aard na haar m a
walk to the shop look at the animals long for home (homesick) takes after her mother
namens
namens jou vriende
on behalf of your friends
om
hardloop om die hoek
run round the corner
iangs
Iangs die pad loop Iangs die rivier af/op
1143 CO
om sewe-uur om die beurt
ask for help around the building at seven o'clock in turn
onder
onder die tafel onder die skoot onder gesprek onder die gesprek onder hulle
under the table under fire under discussion during the discussion amongst them
oor
reis oor die land gaan oor Durban en Kaapstad
vra om hulp om die gebou
bekommerd oor
travel across the country goes via Durban and Cape Tom flies over the country five past seven walk on the mountain worried about
oorkant die straat
across the street
sit op
sit on at school shoot at the buck in the end jealous of charged with
vlieg oor die land vyf minute oor sewe stap oor die berg oorkant op
op skool skiet op die bok
op die ou end jaloers op op aanklag van per
perfiets, motor, trein, vliegtuig by bicycle, car, train, plane
random
rondom die kamp
around the camp
te
te voet, perd
on foot, horseback
staan teen die muur teen die begin van die week klim teen die berg o p
stands against the wall at the beginning of the week climb up the mountain
teenoor
vriendelik teenoor
friendly towards
ten
ten gunste van
in favour of
werk tot vyfuur
work until five to my regret
teen
tot
tot my spyt tussen uit
tussen die honderde motors amongst the hundreds of cars tussen die twee boeke
between the two books
klim uit die bad vertaal uit
get out of the bath translate from walk out of the house
loop uit die huis uit van
ontvang van spring van die rots af
receive from jump from the rock
Ek hou van roomys van vandag af
supply with differs from died of hunger window of the car 1 like ice cream from today
verby
loop verby die vakansie is verby
walk past the holiday is over
vir
wag vir lief vir horn kwaad vir
wait for love him angry with
voor die tent vyf voor ses voor in die motor voor die motor
in front of the tent five to six in the front of the car in front of the car
voorsien van verskii van van honger dood venster van die motor
voor
Exercise 2 Translate the phrases which have been left in English (italics) into Afrikaans. Use the table above to help you. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
During die Kersfeesvakansie gaan ons Engeland toe. Ek w i l almal thank in anticipation vir al die harde werk. Ek sal think of you terwyl ek weg is. Ons vlug vertrek at three o'clock. Ons walked through die slangpark. Sy is always homesick as sy toer. In comparison to Nieu Seeland is Suid-Afrika groot. Ek sal more speak to die hotelbestuurder.
Exercise 3 The following sentences describe images in a painting. The Afrikaans sentences are accompanied by their English translations. Use the translations to help you fill in the correct Afrikaans pronouns. 1 Die wolke dryf. die lug. 2 Die voëls vlieg _ 3 Blomme groei _ 4 Die kat sit 5 ' n Meisie lê
The clouds drift across the sky. die lug. The birds fly in the sky. die boom. Flowers grow under the tree. The cat is sitting in the tree. die boom, A girl is lying under the tree. die boom
6 Die boom staan die rivier. 7 Die hond loop die rivier. 8 'n Huis staan die rivier.
The tree is next to the rwer. The dog is walking to the rwer. A house stands across the rwer.
O Emergency help in the veld Aloes are a major South African export because of the healing properties of aloe juice. They are, however, not the only South African plants which are known to have healing properties. The sangomas (traditional healers) use a wide range of plants found in the veld and forest in their practice. S o m e of these, however, despite their healing properties, are also poisonous when used in excess and should, like all herbs, be used with care. The table below illustrates some common ailments and the herbs that may be used to alleviate them. Q
Kruie wat g e s o n d m a a k {Herbs that heal) Kwaal (Complaint)
Krui [Herb)
Raat (Remedy)
vratte warts
aalwynsap aloe juice
vryf op vratte rub on warts
naels byt nail biting
aalwynsap aloe juice
vryf op vingerpunte rub on finger tips
seer keel sore throat
kappertjie nasturtium
kou 'n blaar chew a leaf
geel tande yellow teeth
aarbeie strawberries
vryf op tande rub on teeth
bloubiasiesteek bluebottle stings
vygie mesembryanthemum
vryf op steek rub on sting
(Adapted from N . Faarsen, M . van Heerden &c H . Venter, 1996. Afrikaans vir elke dag 2. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter.)
kwale hoof uitvoer uitvoerproduk alwyn sap genees gesond maak eienskappe bos giftig versigtig ailedaagse
conditions, compiaints vratte vingernaels main, major seer export keel export product geel aloe bloublasies juice, sap steek heal heal slangbyt properties byt kou forest poisonous kappertjie aarbeie carefully everyday, common vryf
warts finger nails sore throat yellow bluebottles sting snake bite bite chew nasturtium strawberries rub
Language patterns Q Prepositional verbs English examples of prepositional verbs include pick up, put down, come across, throw down, and so on. Similar verbs which occur in Afrikaans are written as compounds: optel, neersit, teekom, neergooi, respectively. In English, the parts of such verbs may be separated from one another - pick the book up - or used together - pick up the book. In Afrikaans, the parts are only separated from one another when the compound verb occurs in the present tense. 1. optel pick up Jan tel die boek op. Jan het die boek opgetel. Jan sal die boek optel. neergooi
Jan picks up the book. Present Jan picked up the book. Past Jan will pick up the book. Future
throw down
Piet gooi die akkedis neer. Viet throws down the lizard. Piet threw down Piet het die akkedis the lizard. neergegooi. Piet will throw down Piet sal die akkedis the lizard. neergooi. weghardloop
Present Past Future
run away
Die bok hardloop van die leeu weg.
The buck runs away from the lion.
Present
Die bok het van die leeu weggehardloop. Die bok sal van die leeu weghardloop.
11481 (0 8
afhaal
The huck ran away Past from the lion. The buck will run away Future from the lion.
take off
Ek haal my hoed af. Ek het my hoed afgehaal. Ek sal my hoed afhaal.
I take off my hat. I took off my hat. I will take off my hat.
Present Past Future
Note
In the past tense, when the ge- past-tense marker is added, it usually comes between the prepositional part of the verb and the rest: X a i het die boek opgetel. Piet het die akkedis neergegooi. Die bok het van die leeu weggehardloop. Ek het my hoed afgehaal.
Xai picked up the book. Piet threw down the lizard. The buck ran away from the lion. I took off my hat.
Exercise 4 Give the correct form of the verb in brackets and put it in the correct place. Example: Piet (neergooi) die akkedis. -+ Piet gooi die akkedis neer. (Piet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Die Die Die Die Die Die Die Die Die Die Die Die
maatskappy het (afkap) al die borne, maatskappy sal (afkap) al die borne, maatskappy (afkap) al die borne, leeus (wegjaag) die bokkies. leeus sal (wegjaag) die bokkies. leeus het (wegjaag) die bokkies. hondjie is (omry) deur die bus. hondjie w o r d (omry) deur die bus. hondjie sal (omry) word deur die bus. passasiers het (opklim) by die bushalte. passasiers (opklim) by die bushalte. passasiers sal (opklim) by die bushalte.
Exercise 5 Choose the correct preposition i n each sentence.
Example:
Vanoggend het ek (na/by) die werk gehardloop. —• Vanoggend het ek n a die werk gehardloop. 1 2 3 4 5
Moenie (agter/na) my aanloop nie. Ons sal vanaand (by/na) die konsert toe gaan. Die president het (na/agter) die biskop gepraat. Piet ontmoet X a i (na/by) die watergat. Die wenners sal lank (na/by) die wenpaal vir die ander lopers moet wag. 6 (Na/Agter) die konsert, gaan hulle koffie drink. 7 Die Lachmans sal (na/by) die Naidoos ' n besoek aflê. 8 Die motor staan (na/agter) die huis. Exercise 6
Fill in the correct prepositions. Die boek is 1 Engels geskryf. Dele daarvan is 2 Afrikaans 3 Engels vertaaL Die boek is geskryf 4 mense te help 5 Afrikaans te leer, sodat as hulle SuidAfrika 6 kom, hulle 7 Afrikaners kan praat. Daar is baie oefeninge wat besoekers sal help _8 hulle besoek 9 Suid-Afrika te geniet. Die oefeninge gaan _ 1 0 _ die winkels, hotelle, die diere, die stede en die natuur-reservate 11 Suid-Afrika en vertel 12 Suid-Afrika se mense.
B Falling ill One may fall ill anywhere, so it is important to know what to do when you become ill far from home. South Africa generally has a good health-care service, but has nothing like the British National Health Service. In South Africa there are both private and public hospitals. The former are expensive, while the latter, run by the Department of Health, are cheap, as they are funded by the state. A nominal charge is made for services. In the private hospitals, you generally have to pay up front or prove that you can pay the bill. Private doctors (i.e. not doctors based at public clinics or hospitals) expect the same! Private doctors also normally expect you to book an appointment. They seldom make house calls. You can get a prescription for medicine from the doctor and can have it dispensed at a chemist. There are emergency chemists in the major cities which are open out of normal business hours. Country doctors frequently dispense medicine themselves.
There are clinics throughout the countryside and even 'health' trains which travel around the country providing dental, eye and ear care to far-flung remote rural villages. All the major cities have 24-hour trauma hospitals which are on a par with the best in the world. Ambulances can be called on the 10111 number. pasiënt siek word hospitaal gesondheidsdienste verpleegster privaat gelde oogkundige vooruit kliniek ongeluk ernstig ongevalle tandversorging oëversorging oorversorging pyn tandpyn tandarts oorpyn hoofpyn plate medisyne oogdruppels oordruppels pynstiller hoesstroop pille maagpyn verband ontsmettingsmiddel salt inspuiting polsslag bloeddruk ondersoek
patient get sick hospital health services nurse private fees optician in advance clinic accident serious casualties dental care eye care ear care pain toothache dentist earache headache X-ray medicine eyedrops eardrops painkiller cough syrup tablets stomach ache bandage disinfectant ointment injection pulse blood pressure examine
hartaanval sooibrand sonbrand voorskrif aansteeklike siekte vigs griep sny brandwond chirurg besering wond dweimmiddels omgekrapte maag pampoentjies masels Duitse masels mangelontsteking waterpokkies harsíngskudding kieme uitslag inwendig maagsweer
heart attack heartburn sunburn prescription infectious disease HIV-Aids flu cut burn surgeon injury wound drugs enteritis mumps measles rubella, German measles tonsillitis chicken pox concussion germs rash internal stomach ulcer
Exercise 7
There has been a talk show on local radio about medical issues. Some of the speakers were English and others Afrikaans. Y o u have to prepare the web-page text. Write the following text out entirely in Afrikaans and then in English. Die Minister van Gesondheid wil nie he dokters moet medisyne aan voorsien nie. Yes, but doctors say poorer patients will suffer, as they do not have the money to travel to chemists. D i e Minister sê dat dokters dan ' n lisensie moet kry om medisyne te voorsien. Doctors are rejecting the Minister's position and say they will continue to supply medicines to the sick.
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In this unit you will learn • about auxiliary and modal verbs • about participles • how to form imperatives in Afrikaans • about some South African wonders • some common exclamations
B South African wonders From this unit on, you will be visiting some of the famous South African places. You will also visit great natural wonders like the Cango (Kango) Caves and the C a p e Floral kingdom. South Africa is a country of stunning natural wonders, but it also has many man-made wonders. None, perhaps, reflects the determination (and greed) of those seeking to make their fortune more than the 'Big Hole' at Kimberley. The 'Big Hole* is the biggest man-made hole in the world - it was dug by pick and shovel and emptied out with buckets hauled out on ropes. Its creation saw many deaths and many fortunes made. In the twentieth century, the hole was barricaded, as it had become such a popular suicide site. Today, Kimberley is a quiet little city, even though it is the capital of the Northern Cape. The 'old' Kimberley around the Big Hole has been preserved as a museum village containing many original mining village artefacts. Deep in the Great Karoo, the high central plateau of South Africa, lies the tiny village of Sutherland, and in Sutherland there is a great observatory. Known for measuring the coldest mean temperatures in South Africa, Sutherland's crisp clear skies have made it a prime site for astronomy and astrophysics in South Africa. The observatory is linked to similar observatories worldwide. W h e n there is an astronomical happening the village bursts at the seams, as scientists invade the village. wonderwerk kunsmatig mens (die) vasberadenheid gulsig gulsigheid soek geluk eeu pik en skopgraaf emmer toue uittrek afkamp toekamp
wonder bekend man-made selfmoord behou humankind bewaar determination oorspronklik greedy kunsproduk greed seek sterrewag meet fortune century gemiddeid pick and shovel fris bucket lug helder ropes haul out sterrekunde sterrekundige barricade astrofisies enclose
famous suicide preserve protect original artefact observatory measure mean, average crisp sky, air clear astronomy astronomer astrophysics
Exercise 1 Translate the following news report into English,
Grootgat gee weer diamante! 'n Engelse toeris lag lekker vanaand. N a amper tagtig jaar het die Groot Gat weer van sy skatte opgelewer. Die toeris het langs die afkamping gestaan waar so baie al selfmoord gepleeg het. Toe sy wil wegloop, het sy haar toon teen iets gestamp en toe sy kyk wat dit is, sien sy wat sy gedink het, is 'n ronde stuk glas. Toe sy dit uittrek uit die grond, sien sy dit is nie glas nie, maar 'n blink klip. By die ontvangskantoor het die beamptes bevestig dat haar stuk glas 'n diamant is. Beamptes sê die maatskappy sal wel vir die toeris 'n deel van die waarde van die diamant gee, nadat die waarde daarvan bepaal is.
Language patterns Auxiliary verbs You already k n o w that a sentence is composed of at least a subject ('doer') and a verb ('action') and that a sentence cannot exist without these t w o parts. In a very real sense the verb is the 'heart' of a sentence, because it names a n action or state (condition). As actions or states c a n occur i n the past, present or future (or i n combinations thereof), the 'key' verb sometimes needs help to complete the sense of a particular time. Such 'key' verbs are k n o w n as roots/stems and may add endings, like -ed i n English, or ge- i n Afrikaans, to form the regular past tenses. Both languages, however, also employ 'helping' (auxiliary) verbs to complete verb time meaning. Such auxiliary verbs are a l l forms of the verb to he (in English: he, am, is, are, was, has, hafe, had ..) which although they c a n occur alone as m a i n (full) verbs, function as auxiliary verbs when they are used i n conjunction with verb roots/stems. In English, for example: X a i is a San.
is functions as a main verb
is functions as an auxiliary verb; teach is the verb stem; and is teaching is the main (full) verb The doctor has a clinic. has functions as a main verb The doctor has given D i medicine. has functions as an auxiliary verb; give is the verb stem; and has given is the main (full) verb The flowers were beautiful. were functions as a main verb Ambulances were fetching the victims.were functions as an auxiliary verb; fetch is the verb stem; and were fetching is the main (full) verb X a i is teaching Piet about the San.
Look at some of the forms of the Afrikaans verb to be that we looked at first in Unit 2 and their English equivalents. Tense
om te wees
to be
Present Past Future
is was sal wees
am, is, are was, were will/shall be
Afrikaans uses auxiliaries to form the past and future tenses. For example: Past tense X a i het Piet van die San vertel. Die Minister het al die dokters kwaad gemaak. Sutherland het die sterrewag oopgestel.
Xai told Piet about the San. The Minister made all the doctors angry. Sutherland opened the observatory.
The hets i n all three of the above sentences are auxiliary verbs. The verb stems are vertel, maak and oopstel. The ge- is the pasttense particle. The full/main verbs are het vertel, het gemaak and het oopgestel.
Future tense X a i sal Piet van die San vertei. Die Minister sal al die dokters kwaad maak. Sutherland sal die sterrewag oopstel.
Xai will tell Piet about the San. The Minister will make all the doctors angry. Sutherland will open the observatory.
The sals in all three of the above sentences are auxiliary verbs. The verb stems are vertei, maak and oopstel. The full/main verbs are: sal vertei, sal maak and sal oopstel. Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Afrikaans. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sutherland will be cold this weekend. The tourist w i l l receive part of the value of the diamond. The Big Hole was a treasure of diamonds. The observatory was open for the week. The astronomers found a new star. The police arrested the drunkard. The hump will damage your car. After the rains the roads will be full of potholes.
Note
In the English examples above, you will notice some English forms made up of a combination of an auxiliary word and a verb stem ending in -ing: X a i is teaching Piet about the San. Ambulances were fetching the victims. These forms are called the progressive or continuous tenses.
Language patterns Translating the English -ing t e n s e s into Afrikaans
(progressive/continuous)
The English continuous tenses are often problematic for second language English speakers, because so few other languages still have these forms. As you are learning Afrikaans (and because you already know English), you will be spared the complexity of learning such tenses, because Afrikaans has no progressive (continuous) tenses, only three simple tenses: present, past and future. Look at the following examples: Die toeris kry ' n diamant.
The tourist finds a diamond. Present tense
Die toeris het ' n diamant gekry. Die toeris sal 'n diamant kry.
The tourist found a diamond. Past tense The tourist will find a diamond. Future tense
English has six alternatives: simple present, past, future, and continuous present, past and future: Tense
Simple
Continuous/Progressive
Present
The tourist gets a diamond.
Past
The tourist got a diamond.
Future
The tourist will get a diamond.
The tourist is getting a diamond. The tourist was getting a diamond. The tourist will be getting a diamond.
From the above table note that the English progressive/ continuous tenses use the auxiliaries am, is, are, was, were, will he .. in conjunction with -ing forms. There is a clear distinction in meaning between the 'usual' (known as the 'simple tenses') present, past and future tenses and the progressive forms of the same tenses. The simple present, past and future tenses imply an action which a subject does, did or will do, but which is/was/will not be immediate, i.e. at that moment. The progressive tenses, as the name implies, describe a continuing action - one that is happening at a particular time (whether present, past or future). The following examples will make the matter clearer: Present
Past
Future
lam writing.
Something that the subject (1) is 'busy' doing now.
1 write.
Something that the subject does regularly, frequently on occasions.
1 was writing.
Something that the subject was 'busy' doing at a particular stage.
1 wrote.
Something that the subject did and completed on an occasion.
1 will be writing. Something that the subject will be 'busy' doing in the future. / will write.
Something that the subject will do and complete on an occasion in the future.
In Afrikaans, each of the pairs of sentences above would be translated by the same Afrikaans sentence, as the following table shows. Afrikaans
English
Present
Ek skryf.
Past
Ek het geskryf.
Future
Ek sal skryf.
/ am writing. 1 write. 1 was writing. 1 wrote. 1 will be writing. 1 will write.
In Afrikaans, the only way to make the distinction available in English through the Progressive Tense would be by qualifying the action in the ways similar to those suggested in the following table.
Present Past Future
English
Afrikaans
/ am writing [a novel]. 1 write [for a living]. 1 was writing [a novel]. 1 wrote [for a living]. 1 will be writing [a novel]. 1 will write [for a living].
Ek Ek Ek Ek Ek Ek
skryf ['n roman]. skryf [vir 'n lewe]. het ['n roman] geskryf. het [vir 'n lewe] geskryf. sal ['n roman] skryf. sal [vir 'n lewe] skryf.
Look at it another way. In Afrikaans, E k skryf can be the answer both to the question Wat maak jy? and to Wat doen jy? (What are you doing? and What do you do?, respectively). In English, each of the questions requires its o w n tense format - I am writing and I write, respectively. In English, you would not say I write a novel, and I am writing for a living sounds decidedly odd. Therefore, you need to be careful when you translate the Afrikaans tenses into English. English into Afrikaans is of course much simpler, because there are fewer choices. Try your hand i n the following exercise. Exercise 3
Translate the following sentences into English.
Example: Sewe dokters behandel die beseerdes. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Seven doctors are dealing with the wounded.
Die verpleegsters is besig met die pasiënte. Sarel lees terwyl Petro ' n koek bak. Die leeus jaag die bokkies, omdat hulle honger is. Dit reën so hard dat die strate met water loop. Ek kan dit self doen, as jy my net wys hoe. Ons speel vandag krieket teen die Wes Indies.
Language patterns Modals In English, we speak of 'modal verbs'. Such verbs mark the 'mood' of an action - whether the verb i n a sentence is expressing, for example, a statement of fact (indicative mood) or a command (imperative mood) or a wish or possibility (subjunctive mood). M o d a l verbs in English include shall/will, may/might, can/could, shall/should^ will/would^ must. Look at the following English examples: Statement of fact - indicative mood I w i l l go tomorrow. The nurse gave her an injection. The kids are running wild. Commands - imperative mood Stop! = You must stop! Turn the music down. = Y o u must turn the music down. Change gear. = Y o u must change gear. Drivers must not brake sharply on rough roads. Wishes or possibilities - subjunctive mood Could you please help? They can help, if they want. They could have helped, if they had wanted to. The patient should not have gone home. The diamond would not have belonged to the tourist. If the children wished, they could have gone on holiday. In Afrikaans, such words are included among auxiliary verbs and are sometimes called 'modal auxiliary verbs', but they function in the same way they do in English.
160 CO
The following table shows the Afrikaans modal auxiliaries and their English equivalents.
o sal wil kan moet sou wou
shall/will want to can, be able must would wanted to
kon moes het sou wou sou kon sou moes
could, could have, was able should have had would have wanted to would have been able to would have had to
Note
Look at how the forms change when the tenses change. Present
Past
Ek sal dit doen. / will do it Ek wil dit doen. / want to do it Ek kan dit doen. / can do it Ek moet dit doen. / must do it
Ek sou dit doen. / would do it Ek wou dit doen. I wanted to do it. Ek kon dit doen. I could do it Ek moes dit doen. / had to do it
Exercise 4
Rewrite the following sentences in the past tense. (Don't forget to change any adverbials of time (e.g. vandag becomes gister) which you may come across!) Example: Ons kan vandag na die krieketwedstryd tussen Suid-Afrika en die Wes Indies gaan. —• Ons k o n gister na die krieketwedstryd tussen Suid-Afrika en die Wes Indies gaan. 1 Piet en Sannie doen hulle huiswerk sodat hullle netnou T V kan kyk. 2 Die motoriste moet almal versigtig ry, want na die stormreën is daar in die omgewing sinkplaatpaaie. 3 As hy genoeg geld het, sal hy ook Suid-Afrika toe w i l k o m . 4 D i en M a r y w i l graag die naweek hulle hare laat sny terwyl Dick ' n motor gaan huur. 5 Die bokkies kan nie van die leeus wegkom nie. 6 Ons sal eers Durban toe wil gaan en dan na die Kaap. 7 As sy nie vandag die kompetisie wen nie, sal sy self moet betaal vir die toer. 8 Die polisie sal die toeskouers by die voetbalwedstryd onder beheer moet hou.
H Oudtshoorn is a small town in what is known as the Little Karoo. The Little Karoo is sandwiched between the coastal-belt mountains of the famous Garden Route and the great mountain ranges that give rise to the plateau and the Great Karoo. Oudtshoorn was, at the beginning of the twentieth century, the heart of the ostrich feather trade and many enormous, verandahed homes in the town remain as reminders of the great wealth acquired during the ostrich feather boom. Today ostrich farming is enjoying a revival, but more for ostrich meat and hide than for feathers. Oudtshoorn also has a great natural wonder, the Cango Caves. The Cango Caves stretch for miles into the mountainside and some areas are yet to be explored. There are San paintings which indicate that the San used the front caves in earlier times. The caves were 'rediscovered' in 1780 by a herdsman and the first expedition was led by a farmer, van Zyl. The group was enchanted by the wonderland of stalactites, stalagmites and helictites (like stalactites, but spiralling) with which the first enormous cavern is festooned. Today tour parties are conducted through only a third portion of the known caves. Music concerts are held in the great cavern, named the 'Great Hall', and the acoustical effect is awe-inspiring. There is little sign nowadays of the dusty veld which hid the opening to these magical caves. The caves are served by a huge complex which offers accommodation, meals and curios - including ostrich products. kusstreek volstruis veer handel boerdery huid bedryf stoep opgaar herinnering natuurwonder grotte berghang ontdek verlore betower towerland
coastal belt ostrich feather commerce, trade farming hide (skin) industry veranda, stoop collect, gather memory natural wonder caves mountainside discover lost enchant wonderland
sprokiesland stalagmiet, staandruipsteen stalaktiet, hangdruipsteen heliktiet, penningsteen yslike spelonke festoeneer deesdae stowwerig betowerend compleks akkommodasie etes kunsvoorwerpe volstruisprodukte
fairyland stalagmites stalactites helictites (spiralled stalactites) enormous caverns festoon nowadays dusty magical complex accommodation meals curios ostrich products
Exercise 5 Using the vocabulary box above, guidebook entry into English. Oudtshoorn:
translate the following
Klein Karoo dorpie, bekend vir volstruise en die Kango Grotte. Boerdery met volstruise, hoofsaaklik vir vleis en huide. M e e s bekend vir die Kango Grotte met hulle S a n skilderye en stalaktiete, stalagmiete en heliktiete. Toere beskikbaar. Musiek konserte gereeld gehou. Kaartjies by ingang beskikbaar.
Language patterns Present and past participles A l l participles are formed from verbs. Special endings are added to verbs to form each of the participles. In English, present participles end i n -ing and past participles i n -ed or -en. For example: Present rotting crowding labouring
Past rotted/rotten crowded laboured
Such words either form part of the full (finite) verb together with an auxiliary verb, or they function as adjectives. For example:
The tomatoes were rotting on the vine, auxiliary verb (were) + present participle (rotting) = full verb The rotting tomatoes stank, present participle (rotting) describing noun (tomatoes) The rotten tomatoes stank, past participle (rotten) describing noun (tomatoes) Their fans w i l l be crowding the stands, auxiliary verb (will he) + present participle (crowding) = full verb The crowding fans caused the panic, present participle (crowding) describing noun (fans) The crowded stands w i l l be noisy, past participle (crowded) describing noun (stands) The labouring workers were hot. present participle (labouring) describing noun (workers) Her breath is laboured, past participle (laboured) describing noun (breath) The workers have been labouring in the fields, auxiliary verbs (have been) + present particple (labouring) = full verb Q A f r i k a a n s present participles The Afrikaans present participle is recognized by its -end ending. Afrikaans present participles are used almost exclusively as describing words - that is, as adjectives. Like normal adjectives, present participles are used attributively (see Unit 6) and thus they take a final -e just as adjectives do when they are used attributively: Verb
Afrikaans
English
loop hang klop skreeu sing kook jaag tel juig slaap lag
lopende water hangende plante kloppende gaste skreeuende skare singende voëls kokende water jagende motors tellende beamptes juigende ondersteuners slapende kinders laggende gehoor
running water hanging plants knocking guests screaming crowds singing birds boiling water speeding motor cars counting officials cheering supporters sleeping children laughing audience
In Afrikaans, the present participle is never used as a part of the full verb, precisely because Afrikaas has no continuous tense, as you learnt earlier. Whereas in English you can rephrase present
participle + noun phrases as present continuous sentences, in Afrikaans you cannot do this. Only the simple present tense is available. Afrikaans
English
lopende water + Die water loop.
running water + The water is running. hanging plants + The plants are hanging. knocking guests + The guests are knocking. screaming crowds + The crowds are screaming. singing birds + The birds are singing. boiling water + The water is boiling. speeding motor cars + The motor cars are speeding. counting officials + The officials are counting. cheering fans + The fans are cheering. sleeping children + The children are sleeping. laughing audience + The audience is laughing.
hangende piante + Die plante hang. kloppende gaste + Die gaste klop. skreeuende skare + Die skare skreeu. singende voëis + Die voëls sing. kokende water + Die water kook. jagende motors + Die motors jaag. teiiende beamptes + Die beamptes tel. juigende ondersteuners + Die ondersteunersjuig. slapende kinders + Die kinders slaap. laggende gehoor + Die gehoor lag.
Note
The same spelling rules apply as for plurals and degrees of comparison (Units 3 and 6, respectively). Where words have ' t w i n ' vowels (ee, aa, oo, uu) + a single consonant, the twin vowel becomes a single vowel when an ending is added: loop ~* lop + ende
slaap
slap + ende
kook
kok + ende
When words have a single vowel (a, e, o, u) + a single consonant, the single consonant is doubled up when an ending is added: lag -> lagg + ende
klop -> klopp + ende
tel
tell + ende
Exercise 6
Fill in the correct present participle forms of the verbs in brackets i n the following sentences. Example: Die gids sal die toeriste op die (kronkelend) paadjie lei. ~> Die gids sal die toeriste op die kronkelende paadjie lei.
(The guide will lead the tourists along the (wind) path. —• The guide will lead the tourists along the winding path.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Die (hang) stalaktiete blink in die grot. (Spiraal) heliktiete groei boontoe. Die (soek) skaapwagter het die Kango Grotte gevind. Die (besoek) toeriste het al die diere gesien. Die skeidsregter het die (loop) geveg stop gesit. Julie moet oppas vir (storm) renosters. Daardie voël se bynaam is '(lag) d u i f . Die (skop) speler het die bal oor die pale gekry.
A f r i k a a n s p a s t participles Like English past participles, Afrikaans past participles combine with auxiliary verbs to complete verbs i n the past tense. The past participle i n Afrikaans is marked by the particle ge- which is added to a verb when required* het gepraat have spoken sou gebel het would have phoned was gebreek was broken het gegaan did go/went Afrikaans past participles can, like present participles, be used as adjectives and, thus, also attributively. To form attributive past participles either -te or -de is added to the verb stem. Which you use w i l l depend on the last letter of the stem. Stems ending on 'soft' sounds like -s or -k, usually take -te. The rest take -de. For example: gesteelde motors gebarste borrel gebreekte koppies gebakte aartappel gedrukte materiaal gebuigde paal getekende tjek gevlegde hare
stolen cars hurst bubble broken cups hakec? potato printed material hent pole signed cheque plaited hair
But, while most verbs have only one past participle form in Afrikaans, some have two past participle forms (both beginning with ge-). One, the usual, standard, form (like all those above), can be used as part of a full verb or as an adjective: Standard form as part of verb het gebind was gebreek
have tied was broken
is gebuig sal oorgetrek word
was hent will he covered
Standard form functioning as an adjective (ge .. de/te) gebinde gordel tied belt gebuigte draad hent wire gebreekte koppies broken cups oorgetrekte boek covered book The other, 'idiosyncratic' form, is an alternate form used when the past participle functions as an adjective, but figuratively, not literally: gebonde lewe restricted life geboë hoof bowed head gebroke hart broken heart oortrokke overdrawn rekening account Sometimes both forms can function as adjectives (and have the -de/-te ending), but only the standard form can be used as part of a main/full verb (without -de/-te ending). When a past participle is used in Afrikaans as part of the verb or to describe literally, there is usually little difficulty with the spelling. The particle ge- is merely added to a verb stem. The alternate form, however, reflects idiosyncratic spelling and it is this idiosyncratic spelling that cues the figurative usage. There is no easy rule for the idiosyncratic forms and you will have to learn them as you go along. Q The following table lists some of the more common and useful standard and alternate forms of the past participle in Afrikaans. Alternate
Standard Afrikaans
English
aangeneem(de) taken on
Afrikaans
English adopted children written laws overcast sky restricted life begun task broken heart bowed head done deed forced rest overdrawn account written text the deceased no admission suspected thief frozen meat bandaged wound
beskryf(de) betrek gebind begin gebreek(te) gebuig(te) gedoen gedwing oorgetrek(te)
described involved tied began broken bent done forced covered
aangenome kinders beskrewe wette betrokke lug gebonde lewe begonne taak gebroke hart geboë hoof gedane saak gedwonge rus oortrokke rekening
geskryf gesterf verbied verdink gevries verbind
written died forbade suspected frozen bandaged
geskrewe teks die gestorwe verbode toegang verdagte dief bevrore vleis verbonde wond
Note
Verbs beginning with be- (beskryf, begin ..) and ver- (verbied, verdink ..) do not have ge- at the beginning. If you try to say any of these words with the ge- you w i l l realize that they sound clumsy. Verbs which themselves begin with ge- or those beginning with -ont or pro- also do not take the past tense marker ge-. Exercise 7
Give the correct form of the word in brackets. Example: Die kinders drink die (loop) water. —• Die kinders drink die lopende water. The children are drinking the (run) water —• The children are drinking the running water. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Die mense het die (dood) hond (begrawe). Die (bederf) kinders was baie stout. Die (insit) in die taxi het lekker (lag) en (gesels). Die (gebraai) tjops was heerlik. Die woestyn is 'n baie (verlaat) plek. Die (verdink) man het i n die hof (verskyn). Die (afkap) borne word (gebruik) vir telefoonpale.
Exercise 8
Choose the correct form from the two in brackets. Example: Die arme man is (verslaafd/verslaaf) aan dwelms. —• Die arme man is verslaaf aan dwelms. (The poor man is addicted to drugs.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Die professor lyk baie (geleer/geleerd). Die kraanvoël word (beskermd/beskerm). Die werk is baie (vermoeiend/vermoeid). D i t is nou ' n (gedoen/gedane) saak. Ek is (verbaasde/verbaas) o m jou in Suid-Afrika te sien. Die verpleegster het die (verbonde/verbinde) wond ondersoek. Die dokter is (bekommerd/bekommer) oor sy pasiënt. Die (sterwende/gestorwe) man is vanoggend begrawe.
Language patterns Commands A l l languages have ways of giving commands. Formally, commands are called imperatives and are formed by using a verb on its own without a subject. M a n y commands are one word: Run! Stop! Stand! Sit! Commands can be expressed in various ways, some abruptly and others as apparent requests. Look at the following English imperatives and their Afrikaans equivalents. H o u op! Stop it! H o u asseblief op. Please stop it. Loop! Get out! Loop asseblief. Please get out. Staan op! Stand up! Staan asseblief op. Kindly stand up. Beantwoord die volgende vrae. Answer the following questions. Op julle merke. Reg! Loop! On your marks. Get ready! Go! In all the above examples, a subject, you (either singular or plural), is understood to be there. A l l commands are, in fact, full sentences made up of at least a subject and a verb. It is just that the subject is generally not articulated, although it is understood to be there. Thus, Run! is really, You run! and Stand up! is really, You stand up! Commands are often seemingly expressed as requests, but, in fact, the person being addressed does not really have a choice about whether to obey or not. A minister or priest would not say, 'Pray!' but would say, 'Let us pray.' The congregation really has no choice in the matter and so prays! Commands are often (especially i n their 'abrupt' form) expressed as exclamations and end with an exclamation mark rather than a full stop. Exercise 9
Write the following imperatives i n Afrikaans. Example: Command someone politely to close the gate. hek asseblief toe. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Command someone Command someone Command someone Command someone Command someone Command someone
M a a k die
politely to phone you. to sit down. to keep quiet. politely to close the door. politely to turn the music down. to put down the book.
Q
Exclamations
A l l languages have exclamations, many of which are common (idiomatic) expressions. The following are some in Afrikaans. These you should learn off bv heart. Afrikaans English oh no! (irritation, frustration) oh please! (irritation) oops! really? (doubtful) really! (irritation) ouch! no! (in shock or surprise) mmmm! (not really translatable - a 'what do you expect' reaction) en toe? and so? (often on greeting someone) nee wat! no 'man' (rejection of proposition or rejection of behaviour) yuck! (expression of disgust) sies! sies tog! shame! (colloquial S A expression used randomly as response to issues) ouchl/lt's hot! emotional reaction/literal response to sjoe! weather good luck! literally 'strength to you' sterkte!
ag nee! ag tog! aitsa! rêrig?/! eina! nee! ja nee!
In this unit you will test your understanding of • adverbs (and revise adjectives) • questions and answers • conjunctions • negatives • prepositions • auxiliary and modal verbs • participles • imperatives
These exercises should be used to test your grasp of the work covered so far. Every question you get right should be seen as an achievement, and you should look at your mistakes as learning opportunities. You should use the glossary at the end of the book to look up any words you might have forgotten. E x e r c i s e 1 D e g r e e s of c o m p a r i s o n , a d v e r b s a n d adjectives (Units 6 a n d 8) Fill in the degrees of comparison. Example: Positive klein Positive
Comparative kleiner
Superlative kleinste
Comparative
Superlative
groot seer lelik baie moeg dun leeg mooi dood goedkoop
E x e r c i s e 2 A d v e r b s a n d a d j e c t i v e s (Units 8 a n d 6, respectively) 1 Pick out four adverbs and six adjectives in the following paragraph. 2 Label the adverbs as time, place or manner. Suid-Afrika is n baie groot land. Dit strek vanaf die Atlantiese Oseaan tot by die Indiese Oseaan. Die Weskus is veel koeler as die Ooskus waar die see lekker warm is. Op die Weskus is die natuur woestynagtig maar op die Ooskus is dit tropies. Snags is dit koud in die woestyn. y
y
strek stretches tropies tropical
woestynagtig oseaan
desert-like ocean
Exercise 3 Statements into questions (Unit 3) Turn the following statements into questions so that the phrase in bold would be the answer to your question. Example: Sannie is vandag siek. —• Wie is vandag siek? Sarel is die man met wie ek gaan toer. In November hou die Hindus Diwali. By die juwelier kan jy mooi diamante kry. Sosaties en wors kan ons by die slaghuis koop. Dick moes na die uitruster gaan want hy het sy baadjie verloor. 6 Die dokter het D i 'n inspuiting gegee.
1 2 3 4 5
Exercise 4 Interrogative word questions revisited (Unit 3) Translate the following questions into Afrikaans. 1 2 3 4 5
Where do you come from? What is your name? Where are you staying? When did you arrive? What time is breakfast?
Exercise 5 Yes-no questions; negatives (Units 8 and 9, respectively) 1 Translate the following questions into English. 2 Answer the questions in Afrikaans, using full sentences, but in the negative only. Example: Gaan jy swem? —• Are you going to swim? —• Nee, ek gaan nie swem nie. a b c d e
K a n jy my sê waar die stasie is? Is dit die bus na die Kasteel? Sal die dokter my nou kan sien? Het die bloublasie jou gesteek? Moet ons brood, melk en vrugte koop vir ontbyt?
Exercise 6 Word order (Unit 10) Begin each sentence with the word in bold. Example: Jy moet bel as jy moeg word. —• As jy moeg word, moet jy bel. 1 Ons het ons kaartjies weggegee, omdat D i siek is.
2 Ongevalle was baie besig na die groot brand. 3 Piet sal huis toe skryf sodra hy en X a i weer in die dorp is. 4 Die ambulans sal onmiddellik vertrek wanneer die pasient ingelaai is. 5 Die brandweer het die vuur geblus, nadat hulle vir twaalf ure gesukkel het. besig busy brand, 'n fire, a vertrek depart, leave
inlaai blus (vuur) sukkel
load in put out (fire) struggle
Exercise 7 Conjunctions (Unit 10)
Join the sentences by using the Afrikaans equivalent of the English conjunction suggested in brackets. Example: Die strate is stil. Dit is ' n vakansiedag. (because) —• Die strate is stil want dit is ' n vakansiedag. / Die strate is stil omdat dit 'n vakansiedag is. 1 Die boom is baie groot. Die boom is 'n kremetartboom. (which) 2 Dit is die rots. Ons het op die rots gestaan. (on which) 3 X a i is die San seun. Piet het by die San seun gaan kuier. (with whom) 4 Dit is die noodnommer. Jy moet die noodnommer skakel. (which) 5 Hulle w i l weet waar hy gaan toer. H y volgende week aankom. (when) 6 Ons sal die straatteater gaan kyk. Ons sal shebeen toe gaan. (then)
Exercise 8 Negatives (Unit 9) Rewrite the following sentences in the negative. Example: Het jy Mandela ooit ontmoet? -• Het jy Mandela nooit ontmoet nie? 1 2 3 4 5 6
Iemand sal jou help met die toets. Óf D i of M a r y sal die inkopies gaan doen. Die klein jakkals het al ' n bokkie gevang. Jy moet die medisyne alles in een dag opdrink. Daar is êrens op die pad ' n piekniekplek. Die teerpad het baie slaggate.
Exercise 9 Prepositions (Unit 11)
Fill in the correct prepositions in the following sentences. Example:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Die kaart hang die muur. -> Die kaart hang aan die muur. behulp van die polisie, het ons ons motor gevind. Dit is danke mev. Ntuli dat ons die taxi gekry het. Die verkeer het ' n stilstand gekom na die ongeluk. Die vuurwerke het hoog die lug geskiet. Ons het die rivier visgevang en gebraai. D i e toeriste wens Suid-Afrika geluk sy tiende verjaarsdag. M a r y verlang haar kinders in Engeland.
Exercise 10 Prepositional verbs (Unit 11)
Rewrite the following sentences by placing the correct form of the verb i n brackets in the correct position in the sentence. Example: Die koppie het (afval) van die tafel. —• Die koppie het van die tafel afgeval. 1 2 3 4 5
D i het (agterbly) want sy is siek. Die bokkies (weghardloop) van die leeus. In die warm weer sal ons (opbruik) baie koeldrank. Die gaste moet (afskakel) hulle kamerligte as hulle vertrek. Omdat hulle ' n papwiel gehad het, het hulle (afhaal) dit.
Exercise 11 Auxiliary a n d m o d a l v e r b s (Unit 12)
Write the following sentences in Afrikaans. Example: The hus will leave for Cape Town at three o'clock this afternoon. —> Die bus sal o m drie-uur vanmiddag na Kaapstad vertrek. 1 2 3 4 5
When w i l l you be coming to South Africa? The tourists are going to Kimberley o n Monday. The San are now living in villages. A music concert was held in the Cango Caves last Saturday. Because there has been no rain, A r b o r Day w i l l now be on 20 November. 6 A l l the children enjoyed the fireworks. 7 The family all went to Grandmother's birthday lunch. 8 The road will be open again at 19h00.
Exercise 12 Participles (Unit 12) In each of the following sentences, fill in the correct form of the participle in brackets. Example: Die (huil) kind het tandpyn. —• Die huilende kind het tandpyn. The (cry) child has toothache. —• The crying child has toothache. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Die (glinster) water was baie mooi. Die werk was vir horn (vermoei). Die wedstryd is (eerskom) Saterdag. Sjoe! Die hitte is (uitput). Pak die (vries) groente in die yskas. Ons het die vars vis (vries). Het julle die (gestryk) klere alles (wegpak)?
Exercise 13 Imperatives (Unit 12) 1 Translate the following sentences into English. Example: Bel my, asseblief -+ Phone me, please. a b c d e
K o m asseblief binne. Sit u koffers hier neer. Ontmoet passasiers in die Aankomssaal. Skakel die ligte af wanneer u vertrek. Selfone mag nie in die bank gebruik word nie.
2 Translate the following commands into Afrikaans. Example: Command someone politely to come to you. —• Kom asseblief hier. a b c d e
Command Command Command Command Command
someone politely (ask) to follow you. someone to turn the music down, someone to keep quiet, someone politely (ask) to help you. the kids to get into the bath.
< o (Q
o c
3
In this unit you will learn • how to use and form the passive voice in Afrikaans • about South African Malay gastronomic delights • s o m e rhythm and rhyme idiomatic expressions
H The populating of South Africa over four centuries has led not only to the birth of Afrikaans as the newest language in the world, but also to world-renowned wine, wool, mohair, furniture, jewellery and grass-craft. The skills and talents of the European settlers and of the slaves and indentured labourers imported mainly from the East combined to produce a productive nation. Into the great South African melting pot has gone also a wide range of gastronomic cultural practices. Today, we have 'traditional' South African cuisine which is as culturally mixed as it is delicious. The Malays, in particular, have had an enormous influence on South African food, and especially on regional C a p e cookery. Foods such as sosaties, bobotie and smoorsnoek were all originally Malay foods, but are all now considered to be typically South African. The names of these foods are all accepted Afrikaans terms and sosatie and bobotie (among others) are also accepted South African English words! The early European settlers, in their contact with other peoples, learned to make and eat South African regional dishes. It is hardly surprising that the Europeans should mimic the eating habits of the indigenous peoples - Europe was far away and the vegetables and meats common to Europe were not available. On their treks into the hinterland or when living on remote farms, meat had to be preserved, vegetables were in short supply and bread had to be made without ovens being available. These factors gave rise to biltong, waterblommetjiebredie, roosterkoekAbrood and vetkoek, respectively. bevolk eeue wol sybokhaar ingevoer
sosaties populate bobotie centuries smoorsnoek wool mohair watert>lommetjiebredie import roosterkoek/-brood
smeHpot kookkuns eetgewoontes talente vaardighede kontrakarbeider
vetkoek melting pot biltong cuisine afgeleë eating habits oonde talents behoeftes skills indentured grashandwerk/-kuns labourer
kebabs curried mince pie braised snoek wateriily stew barbecue-grid bread deep-fried dough jerky, dried meat remote, lonely ovens needs grass-crafts
Exercise 1 Use the vocabulary box above and the glossary at the back of the book to make a list i n Afrikaans of South A f r i c a n foods and South African industries.
• Dialogue 1 You are on a w a l k i n g tour through Cape Town's M a l a y Quarter in the B o - K a a p . Your guide Aziz is telling you about M a l a y food. Die kos wat my mense eet, staan bekend as Maleise kos. Bredies, gebraaide vleis e n gekookte groente word baie geëet. Daar is baie peper en kruie in die kos. Groot frikkadelle word saam met geelrys en beetslaai g e ë e t Saam met kerriekos word suurmelk en lemoenskyfies geëet. Maleise kos, waarvan baie Suid-Afrikaners hou, en wat n o u a s tradisionele S u i d - A f r i k a a n s e k o s b e s k o u w o r d , is sosaties en bobotie. Alle vleis w o r d by 'n Moslem slagter gekoop wat dit op 'n spesiale manier bewerk - baie soos die manier waarop die vleis wat Jode eet bewerk word. Moslems, ook soos die Jode, eet nie varkvleis nie. Moslems drink ook nie sterk drank nie. (Adapted from N . Farsen, M . van Heerden & H . Venter, 1 9 9 6 . Afrikaans vir elke dag 2 . Pietermaritzburg: Shuter &c Shooter.) staan bekend as manier gekookte bewerk frikkadelle Jode geelrys beetslaai kerriekos suurmelk lemoenskyfies
is known as way, manner cooked, boiied prepare rissoles, meatballs Jews saffron (yellow) rice beetroot salad curried food sour milk orange slices/wedges
Language patterns The passive voice Look at the emboldened sections in Aziz's talk above. You willl notice that each contains the word word. Each of the emboldened pieces has been written in what is called the passive voice. Generally, when we are saying something, we speak of the doer of an action doing something to someone/something - there is a subject, verb and object in direct interaction. For example: The ant [doer - subject] nipped [doing something - verb] the elephant [to something - object] on the trunk. Such sentences are said to be in the active voice - literally, the actor (doer) and action are the focus of the sentence. O n some occasions we might choose to move the focus of the sentence from the doer of an action to the object of the action by moving the object to the beginning of the sentence. For example: The elephant was nipped on the trunk by the ant. Note • The emphasis is now on the elephant and not on the ant, because elephant is at the beginning of the sentence. • The elephant is now the subject of the sentence. • The verb form has changed from nipped to was nipped. • The preposition by has been added to the phrase the ant. • There is no longer an object. Such sentences are said to be in the passive voice - literally the actor (doer) is passive. The passive voice is used less i n English than in Afrikaans. As its use is common in Afrikaans, it is an important grammatical structure to learn. Generally, the passive in Afrikaans employs the same principles as it does in English. 1 The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. 2 The subject of the active sentence becomes part of a prepositional phrase using by in the passive sentence. 3 There is change in the verb pattern.
Look again at the 'mighty ant' example - this time in Afrikaans: Active: Die mier [S] het [VI] die olifant [O] op die been gehap [V2]. Passive: Die olifant [S] is [VI] op die been deur die mier gehap [V2]. The changes from active to passive voice are: 1 The object [O] (die olifant) of the active sentence has become the subject [S] of the passive sentence. 2 The subject [S] (die mier) of the active sentence has become part of a prepositional phrase using deur in the passive sentence. 3 There is a change in the verb pattern - het gehap has become is gehap. In Afrikaans, as in English, the deur (hy) phrase is often omitted if the doer is unspecified (e.g. mense (people)). Look again at the emboldened examples from Aziz's talk: 1 Bredies, gebraaide vleis en gekookte groente word baie geëet. (Stews, grilled meat and cooked/boiled vegetables are eaten a lot.) 2 Groot frikkadelle word saam met geelrys en beetslaai geëet. (Large meatballs/rissoles are eaten with yellow rice and beetroot salad.) 3 Saam met kerriekos word suurmelk en lemoenskyfies geëet. (Together with curries, sour milk and orange slices are eaten.) 4 [Maleise kos] .. wat nou as tradisionele Suid-Afrikaanse kos beskou word. ([Malay food] .. which is now considered to be traditional South African food.) 5 Alle vleis word by ' n Moslem slagter gekoop. (All meat is bought at a Muslim butcher.) 6 .. die manier waarop die vleis wat Jode eet bewerk word. (,. the way in which the meat that Jews eat is processed.) These examples are derived from the following active forms, respectively: 1 [Mense] eet baie bredies, gebraaide vleis en gekookte groente. ([People] eat a lot of stews, grilled meat and boiled/cooked vegetables.) 2 [Mense] eet groot frikkadelle met geelrys en beetslaai. ([People] eat large rissoles/meatballs with yellow rice and beetroot salad.) 3 [Mense] eet suurmelk en lemoenskyfies met kerriekos. ([People] eat sour milk and orange slices with curries.) 4 [Mense] beskou nou Maleise kos as tradisionele SuidAfrikaanse kos. ([People] now consider Malay food to be traditional South African food.)
5 [Mense] koop alle vleis by ' n Moslem slagter. ([People] buy all meat from a Muslim butcher.) 6 .. die manier waarop [mense] die vleis voorberei wat Jode eet. (.. the way in which [people] prepare the meat that Jews eat.)
Tenses and the passive voice Just as the active voice can be used in all three tenses, present, past and future, so too can the passive. Present passive
A l l of our examples of the passive from Aziz's talk were in the present tense. The following observations can be made about all of them: • Each sentence contains the word word. This is the auxiliary marker (Unit 12) of the present tense passive in Afrikaans. • The stem verb forms nearly all have ge- attached to them (geëet, geëet, geëet, gekoop), only beskou and bewerk do not, and you will remember that these (like other verbs beginning with be-) do not take ge-. (Look back at the Note in the section on past participles in Unit 12, if you have forgotten.) Let us look now at past and future passive. Past passive
Using the 'mighty ant' example: Active: Die mier het die olifant op die been gehap, (The ant nipped the elephant on the leg.) Passive:
Die olifant is op die been deur die mier gehap. (The elephant was nipped on the leg by the ant.)
Both the active and passive sentences are in the past tense. Notice the following things about the passive sentence: • The auxiliary marker i n the passive sentence is is. • The stem verb has ge- attached to it. • The deur phrase has not been left out. Here are some more examples of sentences in the past passive: 1 Die toeriste is deur die gids gelei. (The tourists were led by the guide.) 2 Die Groot Gat is deur diamant-soekers gemaak. (The Big Hole was made by diamond-seekers.) 3 Die pasiënte is deur die verpleegsters versorg. (The patients were cared for by the nurses.) 4 Die borne is deur die werkers geplant. (The trees were planted by the workers.)
5 D i en M a r y is deur die taxi opgetel. (Di and Mary were picked up by the taxi.) Future passive
Let us now look at the same sentences i n the future passive. Once again, let's start with the 'mighty ant' example: Die mier sal op die been deur die mier gehap word. (The elephant will be nipped on the leg by the ant.) We notice the following: • • • •
The usual future tense marker sal is present (Unit 2). ge- is attached to the verb stem. The ge- verb is followed by word. deur is present.
Let us test these observations against our other examples, now written in the future passive. 1 Die toeriste sal deur die gids gelei word. (The tourists will be led by the guide.) 2 Die Groot Gat sal deur diamant-soekers gemaak word. (The Big Hole will be made by diamond-seekers.) 3 Die pasiënte sal deur die verpleegsters versorg word. (The patients will be cared for by the nurses.) 4 Die borne sal deur die werkers geplant word. (The trees will be planted by the workers.) 5 D i en M a r y sal deur die taxi opgetel word. (Di and Mary will be picked up by the taxi.)
Rules for the passive in Afrikaans • In all tenses the main verb takes ge- (unless it begins with be-, ont-, ver-.. - Unit 12). • The present tense passive marker is word. • The past tense passive marker is is. • The future tense passive marker is sal + word. • If the doer is present in the sentence it is always preceded by deur. Exercise 2
You are sending a round robin letter home. Translate Aziz's talk into English.
Q
Exercise 3
Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice. Example: Die toergids het die slang doodgeslaan. —• Die slang is deur die toergids doodgeslaan. The tour guide beat the snake to death. —• The snake was beaten to death by the tour guide. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Die vlieënier vertei die passasiers van Johannesburg. Asha en haar dogters het baie kerse vir Diwali opgesteek. Sal die sekretarisvoël die slang vang? Jan het die sprinkane oor die kole gebraai. Die Maleiers maak bobotie van oorskietvleis, eiers, brood en melk. Die toergids sal die toeriste deur die Bo-Kaap lei om die Groot Moskee te gaan besoek. Het die maatskappy die borne vir Boomplantdag bestel? Die wet beskerm sommige voëls, anders roei mense hulle uit. Toe die son ondergegaan het, het ons die vuur gemaak. Die jagter sal die luiperd wat beseer is moet skiet.
vlieënier opsteek sekretarisvoël kole oorskiet
pilot skied to light sonsondergaan secretary bird sommige coals uitroei leftovers luiperd
shoot sunset some eradicate leopard
Exercise 4
Rewrite the following sentences in English. 1 2 3 4 5
Word die vliegtuig vroeg verwag? Wanneer julle klaar geëet het, moet die tafel afgedek word. Nadat die perskes gepluk is, is hulle verpak vir uitvoer. Die mielielande sal deur die sprinkane opgevreet word. Gedurende die griep-epidemie is al die toeriste medisyne gegee. 6 Die teepot word eers warm gemaak voordat die tee gemaak word.
Exercise 5
Rewrite the following sentences into the English active voice. Example: Die horde moet gewas word. —• [Someone] must wash the plates. 1 2 3 4 5 6
W o r d die vliegtuig vroeg verwag? Wanneer julle klaar geëet het, moet die tafel afgedek word. Nadat die perskes gepluk is, is hulle verpak vir uitvoer. Die mielielande sal deur die sprinkane opgevreet word. Gedurende die griep-epidemie is al die toeriste medisyne gegee. Die teepot word eers warm gemaak voordat die tee gemaak word.
Exercise 6
Translate the following sentences into Afrikaans. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The class cut up frogs. The fire was made by M r Smit. The marathon w i l l be run to Durban this year. The employees were given a holiday by the business. N e w Year's Day falls on a Tuesday next year. Hotdogs were eaten by all the children. M r and M r s Smit will drink wine with their meal. Milkshakes will be ordered for Piet and Sannie.
Language patterns Q
Rhythm and rhyme
A l l languages have idiomatic expressions - i.e. common fixed ways of saying things. Proverbs such as 'Like father like son' and 'Between the devil and the deep blue sea' are such examples. Rhythm and rhyme is another. Among the common English ones are 'here, there, everywhere', 'thick and thin' and 'high and low'. Rhythm and rhyme phrases have a particular musical quality about them and as such are easy to remember and, thus, are also used often. A list of common Afrikaans rhythmic phrases (and their English meanings) follows. Y o u might like to learn and use these. Notice how many of them have comparable English rhythmic expressions.
Afrikaans
English
Afrikaans
English
af en toe
now and then
min of meer
bont en blou
black and blue
nou en dan
bed en beddegoed
lock, stock and pens en pootjies barrel mess around rep en roer from pillar to postruk en pluk
more or less now and then prostrate
bak en brou van bakboord na stuurboord dubbel en dwars dik en dun dit en dat doen en late fyn en flenters geheel en al hot en haar hart en siel
through and through thick and thin this and that
rumpus nag/fiddle with peace and rus en vrede quiet kop tot toon head to toe die liefde en die leed love and sorrow land en sand excessive
comings and goings bits and pieces lus en lewe
totally lieg en bedrieg here, there and lewe en dood everywhere heart and soul murg en been
hiet en gebied
high and low swart op wit far and wide sak en pak heaven and earth(tot) tyd en wyl vuur en vlam order about
hier en daar
here and there vroeër of later
elke Jan Rap en sy maat kant en klaar
every Tom, Dick wil en dank and Harry done and dusted kop of stert
kruis of munt
heads or tails
hoog en laag heinde en ver hemel en aarde
stampe en stote
meat and drink deceive, lie to life and death to the marrow black on white bag and baggage (until) such time burning with eagerness sooner or later willy-nilly neither head nor tail fits and starts
In this unit you will learn • about direct and indirect speech in Afrikaans • the basic Afrikaans punctuation rules • about letter writing in Afrikaans • about South African cultural festivals
• Dialogue 1 The following dialogue takes place on a morning programme. Vuyo
Suné
Vuyo Suné
Vuyo Suné
Vuyo Suné
Vuyo
TV
Hartlik welkom, Suné. Vertel ons bietjie van die voorbereidings vir die K K N K - f e e s - die Klein-Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees - wat Maartmaand in Oudtshoorn plaasvind. More, Vuyo. Baie dankie vir die uitnodiging. S o o s u sê, word die fees hierdie jaar in Maartmaand gehou. Ons hou die fees altyd gedurende die Paasvakansie sodat ouers en hulle kinders dit saam kan bywoon. Wat is daar vir die gesinslede om te sien en doen? Sal jy almal kan tevrede stel? J a , ek dink so. Aan die een kant, is daar die meer ernstige klassieke musiek, dramas en beeldende kunste, en aan die ander, is daar poporkeste, straatteater, graffiti-uitstallings ensomeer. Daar is natuurlik ook baie om te eet en drink, en wonderlike klere om te koop. Hoe het die K K N K tot stand gekom? Die veertigjaarige sukses van die Nasionale Kunstefees in Grahamstad wat die 1820 Britse Setlaars herdenk, het daartoe gelei dat van ons groot Afrikaanse kunstenaars aangemoedig is om 'n soortgelyke fees wat Afrikanerkultuur s o u feesvier, te organiseer. N o u lok die K K N K selfs opvoerings wat ook by die Grahamstadfees opgevoer word. Almal wat trots is op Afrikaans a s taal en kultuur kom fees toe om te sing, om op te voer, om te eet - om saam te span. Is daar nie kompetisie tussen die twee feeste nie? N e e , daar is nie, want, alhoewel sommige van die opvoerings en uitstallings beide feeste bywoon, en alhoewel daar 'n oorvleueling is van generiese kunstipes, is daar nie 'n oorvleueling van kulturele fokus nie. Beide feeste is 'n wonderlike platform vir nuwe talent en albei feeste bied veeltalige opvoerings aan. Dankie, Suné, dat jy ons kom inlig het. Ek hoop die K K N K is 'n wonderlike sukses. Sterkte! voorbereidings ensomeer plaasvind kunsfees uitnodiging
preparations and so on takes place arts festival invitation
kunstenaars gedurende aangemoedig Paasvakansie soortgelyke gesinslede lok tevredestel opvoerings ernstig oorvleueling generiese poporkes/te kunstipes straatteater veeltalige uitstallings inlig
performers during encouraged Easter holidays similar family members attract satisfy productions serious overlap generic pop band/s art types street theatre multilingual exhibitions inform
Exercise 1
You have been asked by your tour group, which is considering going to the K K N K , to interpret the dialogue. Rewrite the dialogue in English in dialogue form.
Language patterns Direct speech Throughout this book you have encountered dialogues of various kinds. Dialogues, like the scripts of films or plays, are written i n the format we have used for the dialogues - the name of a person and the words that they speak. Direct speech is very similar to dialogue i n that in direct speech we also use the exact words that someone speaks. The difference is that in direct speech we also say the name of the person before we say his/her exact words, whereas in dialogue form only the person's spoken words are said. For example, the following piece of dialogue: Vuyo
Suné
Hartlik welkom, Suné. Vertei o n s bietjie van die voorbereidings vir die K K N K - f e e s - die Klein-Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees - wat Maartmaand in Oudtshoorn plaasvind. More, Vuyo. Baie dankie vir die uitnodiging. S o o s u sê, word die fees hierdie jaar in Maartmaand gehou. Ons hou die fees
altyd gedurende die Paasvakansie sodat ouers en hulle
kinders dit saam kan bywoon. would be written i n direct speech as follows: Q
Vuyo sê: ' H a r t l i k welkom, Suné. Vertel ons bietjie van die voorbereidings vir die K K N K - f e e s - die Klein-Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees - wat Maartmaand i n Oudtshoorn plaasvind.' Suné groet Vuyo: ' M o r e , Vuyo. Baie dankie vir die uitnodiging. Soos u sê, word die fees hierdie jaar in Maartmaand gehou. Ons hou die fees altyd gedurende die Paasvakansie sodat ouers en hulle kinders dit saam kan b y w o o n . '
Direct speech generally occurs i n written forms like novels and short stories or i n formal records like reports. When journalists want to quote someone, they, too, use direct speech. A court reporter, however, would use the dialogue format, because the record has to be a word-for-word account and direct speech, as we saw above, requires 'cue' words. As these words are chosen by the person repeating another's words, they would be inadmissible i n a legal record. Punctuation
Using direct speech entails knowing something more about Afrikaans punctuation than just commas and full stops. Y o u need to learn the following punctuation conventions that apply when writing indirect speech. • Afrikaans uses double inverted commas. Vuso groet Suné: ' H a r t l i k welkom ..' • The first word of a quotation begins with a capital letter: Vuso groet Suné: ' H a r t l i k welkom ..' • A colon follows the 'speech' verbs (vra, sê, verduidelik ..) when these occur at the beginning of a sentence: Vuyo sê: .. .; Suné vra: Suné verduidelik: .. • If the quotation comes before the 'speech' verb or is wrapped around it, a comma is used before and after the 'speech' verb phrase. If the quotation is a question and is followed by the 'speech' verb, it w i l l end with a question mark: ' W a t , ' vra Vuyo, 'is daar vir die gesinslede om te doen?' 'Wat is daar vir die gesinslede om te doen?' vra Vuyo. • General punctuation (commas, full stops, question marks, exclamation marks) fall within the inverted commas: ' H a r t l i k w e l k o m ! ' and 'Wat is daar .. om te doen?'
• If the quotation is wrapped around the 'speech' verb phrase, the first portion of the quotation is in inverted commas, the 'speech' verb follows and then the speaker, and then a comma, after which inverted commas are again opened and closed only at the end of the passage, however many sentences there are: ' W a t ' , vra Vuyo, 'is daar vir die gesinslede om te doen?' ' M o r e , V u y o , ' groet Suné, 'baie dankie vir die uitnodiging. Soos u sê, word die fees hierdie jaar in Maartmaand gehou. Ons hou die fees altyd gedurende die Paasvakansie sodat ouers en hulle kinders dit saam kan bywoon.'* • When quotations are split and wrapped around 'speech' words, only the first word of a sentence begins with a capital letter. Quotations are often split mid-sentence. In such cases the words after the 'speech' phrases w i l l not be capitalized. The subsequent full sentence w i l l begin with a capital. ' M o r e , V u y o , ' groet Suné, 'baie dankie vir die uitnodiging. Soos u sê, word die fees hierdie jaar in Maartmaand gehou. Ons hou die fees altyd gedurende die Paasvakansie sodat ouers en hulle kinders dit saam kan bywoon.' Exercise 2 Rewrite the rest of the dialogue in Afrikaans direct speech. Example: Vuyo Wat is daar vir die gesinslede om te sien en doen? Sal jy almal kan tevrede stel? —• Vuyo vra Suné: 'Wat is daar vir die gesinslede om te sien en doen?' Suné
Vuyo Suné
J a , ek dink so. Aan die een kant, is daar die meer ernstige klassieke musiek, dramas en beeldende kunste, en aan die ander, is daar poporkeste, straatteater, graffitiuitstallings ensomeer. Daar is natuurlik ook baie o m te eet en drink, en wonderlike klere om te koop. Hoe het die K K N K tot stand gekom? Die veertigjaarige sukses van die Nasionale Kunstefees in Grahamstad wat die 1820 Britse Setlaars herdenk, het daartoe gelei dat van ons groot Afrikaanse kunstenaars aangemoedig is om 'n soortgelyke fees wat Afrikanerkultuur sou feesvier, te organiseer. Nou lok die K K N K selfs opvoerings wat ook by die Grahamstadfees opgevoer word. Almal wat trots is op Afrikaans as taal en kultuur
Vuyo Suné
Vuyo
kom fees toe om te sing, om op te voer, om te eet - o m saam te span. Is daar nie kompetisie tussen die twee feeste nie? Nee, daar is nie, want, alhoewel sommige van die opvoerings en uitstallings beide feeste bywoon, en alhoewel daar 'n oorvleueling is van generiese kunstipes, is daar nie 'n oorvleueling van kulturele fokus nie. Beide feeste is 'n wonderlike platform vir nuwe talent en albei feeste bied veeltalige opvoerings aan. Dankie, Suné, dat jy ons kom inlig het. Ek hoop die K K N K is 'n wonderlike sukses. Sterkte!
Exercise 3 Punctuate the following passage. Example: Suné verduidelik die K K N K begin op 3 maart en sluit op 10 maart Vuyo vra w a a r k a n mense hulle besprekings maak Suné antwoord deur Computicket ~> Suné verduidelik: ' D i e K K N K begin op 3 M a a r t en sluit op 10 M a a r t . ' Vuyo v r a : ' W a a r k a n mense hulle besprekings m a a k ? ' Suné antwoord: 'Deur Computicket.' VUSO vra sal daar beide klassieke en popmusiek-konserte by
die K K N K wees ja antwoord Suné daar is musiek vir almal en nie net bekende orkeste nie maar ook nuwe orkeste uit a l die verskillende kulture Vuyo sê dit is die wonder v a n musiek dit kruis oor alle tale en kulture Suné vertel baie v a n die nuwe orkeste kry besprekings vir n a die fees, sodat die fees dikweels die begin v a n nuwe loopbane beteken. Q In the dialogue, mention w a s made of the National Arts Festival in Grahamstown. This is held annually over ten days in the period at the end of June and the beginning of July. The small city of Grahamstown, known for its churches, schools and Rhodes University, sees up to 10,000 visitors flood in. Every nook and cranny is booked for accommodation or as a performance venue. Every conceivable type of artistic endeavour is accommodated, from all cultural communities - arts and crafts, music, theatre, food and clothing from all over Africa and the rest of the world finds a place at this most famous of the South African festivals. Other festivals are the Knysna Oyster and the C a p e Town Jazz Festival. Cape Town, Johannesburg and Durban all hold world-class
film festivals. Durban hosts, through the University of KwaZulu-Natal, poetry and fiction festivals which draw participants from all over the world and audiences from across the southern African region. Many small towns and districts hold festivals to celebrate their produce. Thus, you may attend cheese festivals, cherry festivals, olive festivals and the like. The spirit at these festivals is reminiscent of the harvest festivals of old and these are essentially celebrations of successful harvests. Unique, and in celebration of a natural wonder, is the Hermanus Whale Festival which takes place in August when most Southern Right whales give birth in sheltered bays like that at Hermanus. Such an event is a never-to-be-forgotten sight. jaarliks kerk/e hoekies en gaatjies akkommodasie plek denkbaar oester filmfees/te digkuns verhaalkuns deelnemers vier
annual van vroeër church/es kersie nooks and crannies olyf accommodation oesfees venue, place uniek conceivable walvis/se oyster geboorte gee film festival/s beskutte poetry onvergeetlik fiction gesig participants celebrate
of old cherry olive harvest festival unique whale/s give birth sheltered unforgettable sight
Language patterns Punctuating addresses and writing letters Afrikaans has conventions different from the English ones for writing addresses. Look at the following examples.
Writing your own address in a letter Oxfordstraat, 45, Louden. SW1. 3 Februarie 2004.
Addressing an envelope to someone mnr. en mev. P. Smit, Hoofstraat, 17, Sandton, Johannesburg. 2001.
Note • Street numbers come after the name of the street and between commas. • The words straat (street), weg (road), laan (avenue), rylaan (drive) and singel (crescent) are attached to the street name. • The name of the suburb follows on the next line and is followed by a comma. • The city or town comes on the following line and ends with a full stop. • The postal (Zip) code appears on the last line and ends with a full stop. • If a country's name is to be included, it comes after the postal code and on its own line. • A P O box number is written as Posbus 1234, and is followed by a comma, then the city/town on the next line (followed by a full stop as usual). The postal code comes on the next line and ends with a full stop. • Dates end with a full stop. Informal letter to friends, family and acquaintances all begin with the salutation Beste X , (Dear X,) and end Vriendelike groete, X . or just, Groete, X . (Yours sincerely, X. or Regards, X.). When closing the letter, the person's name comes on the line following the closing greeting, as it does in English. Business letters are particularly formal in Afrikaans and there is no distinction, as there is in English, between a semi-formal and a formal letter business - you w i l l always use the following format.
I .j < o Q- I
your address
J
the date uouriaddressee's business title your youraddressee's address Geagte mnr./mev. X,
Die Uu/e, Your signature cn
Your name in block capitals
Exercise 4
Your local sixth form college is planning a festival tour to South Africa. The principal has received the following letter from Suid-Afrika Beste which you have been asked to translate. SUID-AFRIKA BESTE
Posbus 1760, Kaapstad. 7000. Tel. +27 (0) 21 12345 Faks +27 (0) 21 12378 e-pos [email protected]* 3 Februarie 2004. Die Hoof, Chelsea Sixth Form College, Westvillerylaan, 177, Chelsea Londen SW1. Geagte mnr. Windsor, Dankie vir u brief. Daar word die hele jaar feeste gehou oor die hele land, maar die meeste val gedurende die skoolvakansies.
Die twee groot kunsfeeste word in Oudtshoorn en Grahamstad gehou in Maart/April en Junie/Julie, respektiewelik. Musiekfeeste word in April, Junie en Oktober, in Kaapstad, Pretoria en Bloemfontein, respektiewelik, gehou. Seëfeeste vind in Durban, Port Elizabeth, Kaapstad, Ooslonden, Knysna, Plettenbergbaai, Mosselbaai en Hermanus gehou in die somermaande - vanaf laat Augustus tot die einde April. Akkommodasie is in al die dorpe en stede beskikbaar en besprekings kan gewoonlik direk deur die feesorganisasies gemaak word. U kan kies watter feeste om by te woon deur te kyk op die Suid-Afrika Beste webbladsy: <www.suidafrikabeste.co.za>* waar u ook besprekings kan maak. As ons u verder kan help, kan u ons per telefoon, faks of e-pos kontak. Die Uwe, L.E. McDermott L.E. MCDERMOTT. * not real Internet addresses!
Language patterns Indirect speech Generally, in normal life, we do not quote the words of others. We usually report others' speech. For example, instead of saying, Vuyo asked Suné, 'Is the festival well attended?' we would be more likely to say, Vuyo asked Suné whether the festival was well attended. In English, we call the latter type of structure either reported speech or indirect speech. The same type of reported speech structure occurs in Afrikaans. In both English and Afrikaans indirect speech, the words of others are thus indirectly reported - which means that a speaker's words are accurately reported, but not as spoken speech. Hence, the use of the inverted commas falls away, but 'speech' words are retained. In indirect speech in Afrikaans, the speech words like vra, sê and verduidelik are followed by words like dat and of. Look at the following examples:
195
< o
a
o' c
01
Vuyo vra: ' W o o n baie mense die fees by?' —• Vuyo vra of baie mense die fees bywoon. Vuyo asks, 'Do many people attend the festival? —• Vuyo asks whether many people attend the festival. 9
Suné antwoord: ' J a , duisende mense woon die fees by, veral oor die naweke.' —• Suné antwoord dat duisende mense die fees bywoon, veral oor die naweke. Sune replies, 'Yes, thousands of people attend the festival, particularly over the weekends. —> Sune replies that thousands of people attend the festival, particularly over the weekends. 3
Note • The inclusion of the words of and dat between the 'speech' verbs and the actual quote results i n a change i n the word order of the sentence following the words dat and of. The verbs all move to the end of the sentence. This is because dat and of both function here as conjunctions of the Group 3 type. (Look back at Unit 10 to remind yourself about the different kinds of conjunctions and the word order groups to which they belong.) Look at the following extract from the Vuyo-Suné interview: Vuyo Suné
Vuyo
Is daar nie kompetisie tussen die twee feeste nie? N e e , daar is nie, want, alhoewel sommige van die opvoerings en uitstallings beide feeste bywoon, en alhoewel daar 'n oorvleueling is van generiese kunstipes, is daar nie 'n oorvleueling van kulturele fokus nie. Beide feeste is 'n wonderlike platform vir nuwe talent en albei feeste bied aan veeltalige opvoerings. Dankie, Suné, dat jy ons kom inlig het. Ek hoop die K K N K is 'n wonderlike sukses. Sterkte!
We would 'report' the above as follows: Vuyo vra of daar nie kompetisie tussen die twee feeste is nie. Suné antwoord dat daar nie is nie, want, alhoewel sommige van die opvoerings en uitstallings beide feeste bywoon, en alhoewel daar 'n oorvleueling is van generiese kunstipes, daar nie 'n oorvleueling van kulturele fokus is nie en sê dat beide feeste 'n wonderlike platform is vir nuwe talent en dat albei feeste veeltalige opvoerings aanbied. Vuyo bedank Suné dat sy hulle k o m inlig het en sê dat hy hoop die K K N K is 'n wonderlik sukses. Hy wens almal sterkte toe.
When a quotation is composed of more than one sentence, in indirect speech the sentences are joined into one - usually using en (and). Y o u may choose to retain separate sentences but then you will have to repeat the speaker's name or use an appropriate pronoun (he, she, they ..) with an appropriate speech word in each sentence. Y o u will also often have to add a word such as verder (further) or o o k (also). You can also use a combination of the two forms and thus have a mix of joined sentences and separate ones. (The mixed form sounds more natural in both English and Afrikaans.) The following piece of dialogue, Vuyo
Dankie, Suné, dat jy ons kom inlig het. Ek hoop die K K N K is 'n wonderlike sukses. Sterkte!
Vuyo
Thank you, Suné, for coming to inform us. I hope the KKNK is a wonderful success. All the best!
and its direct speech version, Vuyo sê: 'Dankie, Suné, dat jy ons kom inlig het. Ek hoop die K K N K is ' n wonderlike sukses. Sterkte!' Vuyo says, Thank you, Suné, for coming to inform us. I hope the KKNK is a wonderful success. All the best! 9
could be reported, put into indirect speech, as, Vuyo bedank Suné dat sy hulle kom inlig het. H y sê o o k dat hy hoop die K K N K is 'n wonderlike sukses. H y wens hulle sterkte toe. Vuyo thanks Suné for coming to inform them. He also says that he hopes the KKNK will be a wonderful success. He wishes them all the best. or Vuyo bedank Suné dat sy hulle k o m inlig het en hy sê ook dat hy hoop die K K N K is 'n wonderlik sukses en hy wens hulle sterkte toe. Vuyo thanks Suné for coming to inform them and he also says that he hopes the KKNK will be a wonderful success and he wishes them all the best. or Vuyo bedank Suné dat sy hulle k o m inlig het en hy sê ook dat hy hoop die K K N K is ' n wonderlik sukses. H y wens hulle sterkte toe. Vuyo thanks Suné for coming to inform them and he also says that he hopes the KKNK will be a wonderful success. He wishes them all the best.
• both direct and indirect speech can be written in all three tenses. Our examples, thus far, have all been in the present tense. Look at the above examples again in the past and future tense forms: Past tense
Future tense
Vuyo het Suné bedank dat sy hulle kom inlig het en hy het ook gesê dat hy hoop die K K N K is 'n wonderlik sukses. Hy het hulle sterkte toe gewens.
Vuyo sal Suné bedank dat sy hulle kom inlig het en hy sal ook sê dat hy hoop die K K N K sal 'n wonderlik sukses wees. Hy sal hulle sterkte toe wens.
Vuyo thanked Suné for coming to inform them and he a/so said that he hopes the KKNK is a wonderful success. He wished them all the best
Vuyo will thank Suné for coming to inform them and he will also say that he hopes the KKNK will be a wonderful success. He will wish them all the best.
• Pronoun changes occur when we switch from direct speech or dialogue to indirect speech: jy/u you (singular) julle/u you (plural) ons we ek I
—• —• —• —•
sy/hy he/she hulle they hulle they hy/sy/hulle he/she/they
For example: Vuyo sê: 'Dankie, Suné, dat jy ons kom inlig het. Ek hoop die K K N K is ' n wonder like sukses. Sterkte!' Vuyo says, 'Thank you, Suné, for coming to inform us. I hope the KKNK is a wonderful success. All the best! 3
Vuyo bedank Suné dat sy hulle k o m inlig het en hy sê ook dat hy hoop die K K N K is 'n wonderlike sukses. H y wens hulle sterkte toe. Vuyo thanks Suné for coming to inform them and he also says that he hopes the KKNK will be a wonderful success. He wishes them all the best. • Changes also occur in time words when indirect speech is rewritten i n the past or future tense: vandag today gister yesterday
—• daardie dag that day —• die vorige dag the previous day
more the following day —• die volgende dag the following day For example: Sannie het gevra: ' K o m hulle vandag Suid-Afrika toe?' —• Sannie het gevra of hulle daardie dag Suid-Afrika toe kom. Sannie asked, 'Are they coming to South Africa today?' —• Sannie asked whether they were coming to South Africa that day. Sannie sal vra: ' K o m hulle vandag Suid-Afrika toe?' Sannie sal vra of hulle daardie dag Suid-Afrika toe kom. Sannie will ask, 'Are they coming to South Africa today?' —• Sannie will ask whether they would be coming to South Africa that day. Exercise 5 Rewrite the following extract from the Vuyo-Suné dialogue in indirect speech in the present tense. Example: Vuyo
Vuyo
Suné
Vuyo Suné
Hartlik welkom, Suné. Vertei ons 'n bietjie van die voorbereidings vir die KKNK-fees - die Klein-Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees - wat Maartmaand in Oudtshoorn plaasvind. -> Vuyo heet Suné hartlik welkom en vra haar om hulle 'n bietjie van die KKNK-fees - die Klein-Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees - wat Maartmaand in Oudtshoorn plaasvind, te vertei. Welcome, Suné. Tell us a little about the preparations for the KKNK festival - the Klein-Karoo National Arts Festival which takes place in March. -+ Vuyo welcomes Suné and asks her to tell them a little about the preparations for the KKNK festival - the Klein-Karoo National Arts Festival which takes place in March. More, Vuyo. Baie dankie vir die uitnodiging. S o o s u sê, word die fees hierdie jaar in Maartmaand gehou. Ons hou die fees altyd gedurende die Paasvakansie sodat ouers en hulle kinders dit saam kan bywoon. Wat is daar vir die gesinslede om te sien en doen? Sal jy almal kan tevrede stel? Ja, ek dink so. Aan die een kant, is daar die meer ernstige klassieke musiek, dramas en beeldende kunste, en aan die ander, is daar poporkeste, straatteater, graffitiuitstallings ensomeer. Daar is natuurlik ook baie om te eet en drink, en wonderlike Were om te koop.
Exercise 6
Rewrite the following extract from the Vuyo-Suné dialogue in indirect speech in the past tense. Example: Vuyo
Vuyo
Vuyo Suné
Hartlik welkom, Suné. Vertel ons 'n bietjie van die voorbereidings vir die KKNK-fees - die Klein-Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees - wat Maartmaand in Oudtshoorn plaasvind. -> Vuyo het Suné hartlik welkom geheet en haar gevra om hulle 'n bietjie van die KKNK-fees - die KleinKaroo Nasionale Kunstefees - wat Maartmaand in Oudtshoorn plaasvind, te vertel. Welcome, Suné. Tell us a little about the preparations for the KKNK festival - the Klein-Karoo National Arts Festival which takes place in March. —• Vuyo welcomed Suné and asked her to tell them a little about the preparations for the KKNK festival - the Klein-Karoo National Arts Festival which takes place in March. Hoe het die K K N K tot stand gekom? Die veertigjaarige sukses van die Nasionale Kunstefees in Grahamstad wat die 1820 Britse Setlaars herdenk, het daartoe gelei dat van ons groot Afrikaanse kunstenaars aangemoedig is o m 'n soortgelyke fees wat Afrikanerkultuur sou feesvier, te organiseer. Nou lok die K K N K selfs opvoerings wat ook by die Grahamstadfees opgevoer word. Almal wat trots is op Afrikaans as taal en kultuur kom fees toe o m te sing, o m op te voer, om te eet - om saam te span.
In this unit you will learn • about Afrikaans compound verbs and compound nouns • how to form diminutives in Afrikaans • about some of the wonders of the South African bush
M u c h of this unit has to do with vocabulary and spelling. We w i l l be revisiting compounding as one of the basic ways of word formation and we will be learning the ways in which Afrikaans forms diminutives.
Language patterns Compound verbs In Unit 11 we studied prepositional verbs. In this section we are returning to verbs, but to those that are compounds in the truest sense in that they are made up of two or even three words to form a new word which does not necessarily have a meaning related to the sum of its parts. Such verbs include the verbs ondersoek (investigate), goedkeur (approve) and waarsku (warn). When such words are used in the past tense, they may take one of three forms: • Words, the parts of which are separable and which take the ge- particle between the parts. Die komitee het die plan goedgekeur. The committee approved the plan. Die K K N K het A p r i l plaasgevind. The KKNK took place in April. Mevrou N t u l i het voorgestel dat hulle ' n taxi huur. Mrs Ntuli suggested that they hire a taxi. • Words, the parts of which are inseparable and which never take the past tense ge- particle. H y het die ongeluk ondersoek. He investigated the accident. Hulle het in Kaapstad oornag. They overnighted i n Cape Town. Die skrywer het haar boek voltooi. The writer has finished her book. • Words, the parts of which are inseparable, but which take the particle ge- at the beginning of the word. Die polisie het die man gewaarsku. The police warned the man. Die toeriste het die toergids geraadpleeg. The tourists consulted the tour guide. Die Lachmans het Diwali geseëvier. The Lachmans celebrated Diwali.
The following table lists the more common compound verbs. You should learn particularly Groups 2 and 3, as the Group 1 verbs are less exceptional. This means that if you come across a compound verb and you don't know it, you can fairly safely assume that it takes the ge- between the parts. Group 1 - separable & g e aflewer - afgelewer (deliver - delivered) deelneem - deelgeneem (take part - took part) weghardloop - weggehardloop (run away - ran away) gelukwens - gelukgewens (congratulate - congratulated) goedkeur - goedgekeur (approve - approved) liefhê - liefgehad (love - loved) plaasvind - plaasgevind (take place - took place) saamgaan - saamgegaan (accompany - accompanied) stilhou - stilgehou (stop - stopped) terugkeer - teruggekeer (return - returned) toustaan - tougestaan (queue - queued) visvang - visgevang (fish - fished) voorskryf - voorgeskryf (prescribe - prescribed) voorstel - voorgestel (propose - proposed) Group 2 - inseparable & no g e aanvaar (accept - accepted) onderhandel (negotiate - negotiated) onderneem (undertake - undertook) ondersoek (investigate - investigated) oordink (think over - thought over) oornag (overnight - overnighted) oorwin (win - won) voltooi (finish - finished) Group 3 - inseparable & g e glimlag - geglimlag (smile - smiled) hardloop - gehardloop (run - ran) huisves - gehuisves (accommodate accommodated) openbaar - geopenbaar (reveal - revealed) raadpleeg - geraadpleeg (consult - consulted) regverdig - geregverdig (justify - justified) seëvier - geseëvier (celebrate - celebrated) waarborg - gewaarborg (guarantee - guaranteed) waarsku - gewaarsku (warn - warned)
Exercise 1
Rewrite the following sentences using the correct form of the compound verb i n brackets. Example H y (onderneem) om die boodskap te (aflewer). onderneem om die boodshap af te lewer.
—» H y
1 2 3 4
Die toer sou (plaasvind) sodra die toergids het (terugkom). Nadat hulle die papwiel (regmaak) het, is die toer (voortsit). Mev. N t u l i het die hele toergroep (huisves). As julle met die juwelier (onderhandel) het, sou hy 'n paar Rand het (aftrek). 5 Die bus het in Hermanus (stilhou) sodat almal die walvisse k o n (dophou). 6 Kaptein Bruinders moes (oornag) vis om te genoeg (visvang) vir die mark. 7 Nadat die spelers hulle oorwinning (seëvier) het, het hulle (terugkeer) na die hotel.
Language patterns Q Compound nouns In the introduction and in Unit 4, we spoke about the propensity Afrikaans has for making up new words by compounding joining words together to form new ones. Anglo-Saxon ('Old English') did the same! The effect of compounding is that Anglo-Saxon was, and Afrikaans is, a very picturesque language. The following table lists some of the more common and interesting Afrikaans compound nouns. Note
N o t all of the words are simply joined; some have idiosyncratic spellings and these have been marked for you on the table. You should learn them. Afrikaans words
English equivalents Afrikaans compound
English equivalent
aard + appef aard + beweging aard + vark bed + goed boer + beskuit
earth + apple aartappel earth + movement aardbewegings earth + pig erdvark bed+goods beddegoed farmer + biscuit boerebeskuit
potato earthquakes aardvark linen rusks
boom + slang broek + pyp by + korf dier + tuin eet + tyd fees + tyd god + diens honger + nood koning + ryk krimp + vark lam + wol land + taai
tree + snake pants + pipe bee + basket animal + garden eating + time feast + time god + service hunger + need king + realm shrink + pig lamb + wool country + language
boomslang broekspyp byekorf dieretuin etenstyd feestyd godsdiens hongersnood koninkryk krimpvark iammerwol landstaal
lewe + werk man + s k o e n mens + kennis mode + winkel motor + huis oog + arts pan + koek plat + land pot + bakker reis + tas sak + roller tand + arts vee + arts vrugte + slaai wild + dief
life + work man +shoe people + knowledge fashion + shop car + house eye + doctor pan + cake flat + land pot + baker travel + bag pocket + roller tooth + doctor stock + doctor fruit + salad game + thief
lewenswerk mansskoen mensekennis modewinkel motorhuis oogarts pannekoek platteland pottebakker reistas sakkeroller tandarts veearts vrugteslaai wilddief
boomslang trouser leg beehive zoo mealtime festival religion famine kingdom hedgehog iambs wool national language life's work man's shoe people-wise boutique garage optician pancake countryside potter suitcase pickpocket dentist vet fruit salad poacher
Q The A d d o National Park is in the Eastern C a p e . This park is of particular interest because its focus is the A d d o elephant which is distinct from the elephants in the other South African - and African reserves. The other main attraction at A d d o is the dung beetle which is protected and has right of way throughout the reserve! The reserve is being doubled in size and the animals which used to roam the arid scrub are being reintroduced to the area. Bird watching has become a popular pastime in South Africa, which is not surprising as South Africa has just over 900 species. These range from the largest flightless bird in the world, the ostrich, to the largest bustard in the world, the Kori bustard. While the bushveld and fynbos birds are not particularly colourful and are therefore very challenging to birders, the forest birds are stunning. In the summer, swallows, swifts, storks, waders and raptors from Europe fill the skies and the wetlands and estuaries in their millions.
206 <
a o o
Durban, Port Elizabeth and Cape Town have 'water worlds' and many other towns and cities have snake parks. The Paarl area (in the midst of the fruit and wine area of the Western cape) offers a particularly interesting smaller snake park (Die Fonds - The find ) near to which is Butterfly World. Both centres allow close viewing and have guides on hand all the time. 1
olifant verskil van miskruier reg van oorgang swerf dorre ruigtes herinvoer voëlkyk gewilde ontspanning soorte nie-vliegende gompou bosveld
elephant kleurvol uitdaging distinct from bosvoëls dung beetle right of way pragtig roam swaeltjie arid windswael ooievaar scrubland reintroduce watervoël roofvoël birding popular vlei pastime riviermonding dolfyne species slangpark flightless bustard skoenlapper bushveld natuurbewaring
colourful challenge forest birds stunning swallows swift stork wader raptor wetland estuary dolphins snake park butterfly nature conservation
Exercise 2
Use the vocabulary lists to translate the following information pamphlet into English for your friends who are planning a safari to South Africa. wildpark wildreservaat naturreservaat tereg welbekend Groot Vyf Krugerwildtuin transnasionale Kgalagadi onomheinde grense oorsteek trekroete ongehindered
game park game reserve nature reserve deservedly, rightly well known Big Five Kruger Park transnational new spelling of Kalahari unfenced borders cross migration route unhindered
Safari m Svid-Afnfca Die Suid-Afrikaanse wild- en natuurreservate is tereg welbekend. Hulle is van die min in Afrika waar jy seker kan wees dat jy die 'Groot Vyf' sal sien. Die kaart onder wys die nasionale reservate. Daar is ook baie klein parke, maar die het nie altyd die 'Groot Vyf' nie.
Die Krugerwildtuin is miskien die mees bekende Suid-Afrikaanse wildpark. Dit is die oudste reservaat en ook die grootste. In die laaste tyd, is transnasionale parke soos die Kgalagadi gestig. Hulle laat diere toe om onomheinde nasionale grense oor te steek en laat hulle dus toe om hulle tradisionele trekroetes ongehinderd te gebruik.
Q
Exercise 3
You are about to go on safari in South Africa. The English introductory recording has been broken and your Griqua tour guide, Karel, speaks mainly Afrikaans. Listen to the recording first and then use the text to help Karel by interpreting the information into English. (Use the two previous vocabulary boxes and the following one to help you.) Natuurbewaring is baie belangrik i n Suid-Afrika. Alhoewel daar nie soveel diere is as wat daar was voor die koloniale periode nie, is daar nog baie in Suid-Afrika. Die land beskerm die laaste groot troppe wit en swart renosters in Afrika, Olifant troppe is aan die groei, wat problematies kan wees as
die troppe groter word as wat die beskikbare grond kan onderhou. Leeus, luiperde, jagluiperde, buffels, wildebeeste, seekoeie, kameeíperde, sebras, jakkalse, hiënas is almal volop. Daar is 'n wye verskeidenheid wildsbokke en ook snaakse diere soos blouape, bobbejane, ystervarke en die vlakvark - seker die mooiste-lelike dier op aarde. belangrik koloniale beskerm aan die groei troppe problemat.es onderhou leeus luiperde jagiuiperde buffels
wildebeeste
important kameelperde sebras coionial protect jakkalse on the increase hiënas herds verskeidenheid seekoeie problematic support wildsbokke lions snaakse leopards blouape cheetahs bobbejane ystervarke buffaloes gnu vlakvark
giraffes zebras jackals hyenas variety hippopotamuses buck amusing vervet monkeys baboons porcupines warthog
Language patterns Diminutives Mother-tongue speakers of Afrikaans have a particular liking for using diminutives - calling something the 'small' of itself where in English we use little as in little baby (babatjietjie). Diminutives in Afrikaans have either an -ie or -kie sound ending. These sounds are often added to people's names (Pietie, Sannie, Saartjie, Marietjie) and the practice has even been adopted i n South African English. Thus the cricketers Pollock, Makaya N t i n i , Boucher and Paul Adams are called Polly, Makie, Bouchie and Paulie, respectively. The English term lad is routinely translated i n South African English as boytjie (pronounced boykie). The usual Afrikaans diminutive ending is either -ie or -tjie (pronounced -kie). Some words, however, have unique diminutive forms and these need to be learned. These are usually the 'small' of living things. There are far fewer than in English. Among the most common are:
Adult mens (person) bees (cattle) perd (horse)
'Small' baba (baby) kalf (calf) vul (foal)
Adult voël (bird) skaap (sheep)
'Small' kuiken (chicken) lam (lamb)
These words, too, are frequently made into diminutives (little ..) merely by adding either -ie or -tjie: baba ~> babatjie kalf —• kalfie vul —• vulletjie
kuiken kuikentjie lam —• lammertjie
You will notice from the above examples that some of the words, like vul and lam, have idiosyncratic spellings. The general spelling rules follow. Diminutives which have 'odd' spellings will have to be learned. Fortunately most of these conform to a rule which applies to their particular group. Q
Forming diminutives
The same basic spelling rules apply as for plurals (Unit 3) and comparative formations (Units 6 and 9). Spelling reminder note
• Words with short vowels followed by a single consonant double the final consonant before adding -ie - bos bossie. • Words with long 'twin' vowels followed by a single consonant drop the second of the pair of vowels before adding -ie - skaap —> skapie. 1 Adding -ie This is the most usual diminutive form and is applied to words ending with ~s, -k, -p, -g and -f. For example: Afrikaans
English
Afrikaans
noun
dim.
noun
noun
dim.
huis
huisie bossie gansie skapie
vark tak stoep neef
varkie
bos gans skaap
house bush goose sheep
takkie stoepie nefie
English noun pig branch veranda nephew
210
*
Exceptions when adding -ie: • words ending with - m add -pie
a
f
Afrikaans
Afrikaans
English
English
noun
dim.
noun
noun
dim.
noun
boom swerm oom
boompie swermpie oompie
tree swarm uncle
arm besem duim
armpie besempie duimpie
arm broom thumb
• most 'long' words ending with -ing drop the ~g- and add -kie: Afrikaans
Afrikaans
English
noun
dim.
noun
noun
koning varing woning
koninkie varinkie woninkie
king fern home
tekening tekeninkie paling palinkie rekening rekeninkie
dim.
English noun drawing eel account
2 Adding -tjie (pronounced -kie) This form is added to most of those words to which -ie is not added, with the exception of - d and -t. It is thus a very common form. The table gives some common examples. Afrikaans
English
Afrikaans
English
noun
dim.
noun
noun
dim.
noun
soen koei tuin appel leeu
soentjie koeitjie tuintjie appeltjie leeutjie
kiss cow garden apple lion
lepel stoel uil blaar meisie
lepeltjie stoeltjie uiltjie blaartjie meisietjie
spoon chair owl leaf girl
-tjie is also added to words which end with the vowels i , o, or u . These get an apostrophe before the -tjie (as they do for plurals). These are often words borrowed from other languages: Afrikaans
English
Afrikaans
noun
dim.
noun
imps
impi'tjie
impi okapi (Zulu regiment)
noun
English
dim.
noun
okapi'tjie
okapi
3 Adding -jie (pronounced -kie) This form is added to words which end with - d or -t. Some common examples are given in the table. Afrikaans
Afrikaans
English
English
noun
dim.
noun
noun
dim.
noun
maat mond hoed rand
maatjie mondjie hoedjie randjie
friend mouth hat edge
rant rot woord lied
rantjie rotjie woordjie liedjie
ridge rat word song
Exceptions in the -jie group: The following words double up their vowels before adding -jie: Afrikaans
Afrikaans
English
English
noun
dim.
noun
noun
dim.
noun
blad pad
blaadjie paadjie
newspaper mouth
vat gat
vaatjie gaatjie
barrel hole
4 Adding -etjie (pronounced -ekie) This form is usually for consonant-verb-consonant words which end with -b, -1, - m , - n or -r. Because of the short vowel, the consonant is doubled and then -etjie is added.
Afrikaans
English
Afrikaans
English
noun
dim.
noun
noun
dim.
noun
bal dam kam kar pen rib
balletjie dammetjie kammetjie karretjie pennetjie ribbetjie
ball dam comb cart pen rib
pan ram son vul wal rob
pannetjie rammetjie sonnetjie vulletjie walletjie robbetjie
pan ram sun foal bank seal
Exceptionally, the words ring and slang also take -etjie: Afrikaans
Q
English
Afrikaans
English
noun
dim.
noun
noun
dim.
noun
ring
ringetjie
ring
slang
slangetjie
snake
Exercise 4
Fill in the diminutives for the following: noun
English
mier deken bal sprinkaan slang pampoen saad ertjie aartappel seun skoen mandjie ronde boek dam renoster meisie ketting voël pad
ant bedspread ball locust snake pumpkin seed pea potato boy shoe basket round book dam rhinoceros girl chain bird road
dim.
noun
English
kers blom perd speler maan bok gat saag leeu lam luiperd woning klip piesang dogter toer boom lamp druiwe wiel
candle flower horse player moon buck hole saw lion lamb leopard home stone banana girl tour tree lamp grapes wheel
dim.
Q Although the diminutive form usually marks the 'small' of something, in Afrikaans it is also used to express emotional responses like affection, sympathy, modesty, disdain, sarcasm, camaraderie and so on. Listen to, or read, the examples which follow. 'Dag, boytjie! Hoe gaan dit?' 'Ag, liefie. Ek is jammer.' Ek het 'n ou motortjie. Dis sy bydraetjie.
'Hi, Boy! How ore youi' (affection) 'Oh, lovie. I am sorry/ (sympathy) I have a little old car. (modesty) That's his (little) (sarcasm) contribution.
'Ja, basie, en wat het jy te sê?' 'Yes, (little) boss, and (disdain) what have you to say?' 'Kom, outjies. Trek saam.' 'Come, (little) mates. (camaraderie) Pull together. At first you w i l l have to listen carefully to the tone used by the speaker in order to pick up the nuances. W i t h practice, you will register the nuances almost immediately. • When the word klein is used in close proximity to a noun, the noun is almost always used in its diminutive form: klein seun —• klein seuntjie (boy) klein hond —• klein hondjie (dog) klein boom -• klein boompie (tree) klein bok klein bokkie (buck) • The penchant Afrikaans has for diminutives means that it is not only nouns that are made into diminutives. We saw in the first paragraph of this section on diminutives how people's names are made into diminutives; and so are pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and even verbs. Such forms occur almost exclusively in spoken Afrikaans, but often occur in friendly letters and notes. They are also very likely to occur in dramatic dialogue and i n direct speech in novels and short stories. English
Afrikaans Words People's names Susanna Piet David Adjectives moeg warm siek wit rond Verbs soen druk hardloop kyk Adverbs sag stil
Diminutives
equivalent
Susannatjie Pietie Dawie
Susie Pete Davie
moegies warmpies siekies wittetjies rondetjies
tired (to children, usually) hot ill (to children, usually) (the) white ones (the) round ones
soentjies drukkies hardlopies kykies
kisses (sentimental) hugs (sentimental) run (persuasion) look (persuasion)
saggies stilletjies
softly quietly
o
CO
CD
CO
In this unit you will test your knowledge of • the passive voice • direct and indirect speech • punctuation • compound verbs and nouns • diminutives
These exercises should be used to test your grasp of the work covered in Units 14-16. Every single thing you get correct should be seen as an achievement. Learn from your mistakes and know that mistakes are in fact lessons. You should use the glossary at the end of the book to look up any words you might have forgotten. Exercise 1 Active a n d passive (Unit 14)
Rewrite the following sentences in the active voice. Example: Die slang is deur die toergids doodgeslaan. —• Die toergids het die slang doodgeslaan. The snake was beaten to death by the tour guide. —> The tour guide beat the snake to death. 1 Die passasiers is deur die vlieënier van Johannesburg vertei. 2 Baie kerse is deur Asha en haar dogters vir Diwali opgesteek. 3 Sal die slang deur die sekretarisvoël gevang word? 4 Die sprinkane is oor die kole deur X a i gebraai. 5 Bobotie is van oorskietvleis, eiers, brood en melk deur die Maleiers gemaak. 6 Die toeriste sal deur die toergids deur die Bo-Kaap gelei word om die Groot Moskee te gaan besoek. 7 Is die borne vir Boomplantdag deur die maatskappy bestel? 8 Sommige voëls word deur die wet beskerm, anders roei mense hulle uit. 9 Toe die son ondergaan, is die vuur deur ons gemaak. 10 Die luiperd wat beseer is, sal deur die jagter geskiet moet word. Exercise 2 Active and p a s s i v e (Unit 14)
Translate the following sentences into English. 1 Die passasiers is deur die vlieënier van Johannesburg vertei. 2 Baie kerse is deur Asha en haar dogters vir Diwali opgesteek. 3 Sal die slang deur die sekretarisvoël gevang word? 4 Die sprinkane is oor die kole deur X a i gebraai.
5 Bobotie is van oorskot vleis, eiers, brood en melk deur die Maleiers gemaak. 6 Die toeriste sal deur die toergids deur die Bo-Kaap gelei word o m die Groot Moskee te gaan besoek. 7 Is die borne vir Boomplantdag deur die maatskappy bestel? 8 Sommige voëls word deur die wet beskerm, anders sou mense hulle uitroei. 9 Toe die son ondergaan, is die vuur deur ons gemaak. 10 Die luiperd wat beseer is, sal deur die jagter geskiet moet word.
Exercise 3 Active and passive (Unit 14) Rewrite the following sentences i n the passive voice. Example: Die toergids het die toeriste die kameelperde gewys. —• Die kameelperde is deur die toergids vir die toeriste gewys. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Die diere het by die watergat saamgekom. Die Umfoloziwildreservaat het die wit renosters gered. Die orkes sal al sy gewildste musiek by die fees speel. Gedurende die winter en lente, sal die walvisse geboorte gee. Die olifante breek baie takke van die borne af. Die voëlkykers sal i n die woestyn die gompou soek. Die Nederburgmaatskappy hou i n die Pêrel die wynfees. Die krimpvarkie rol homself op soos ' n balletjie as hy bang is. Ons kan die penne van ystervarke gebruik as ink-penne. Erdvarke soek in die nag miere o m te eet.
Exercise 4 Active and passive (Unit 14) Translate the following sentences into Afrikaans. 1 2 3 4 5 6
The buck was eaten by the leopard up i n a tree. The black rhino pulls leaves off trees and shrubs. Grass is eaten by white rhinos and zebras. Hippos follow paths under the water. M a n y elephants and rhinos have been killed by poachers. Nature conservation has protected most raptors now for a long time. 7 The trees of the year are to be found on the web page.
8 Small animals are hunted by the aardwolf at night. 9 By the end of the winter, there had been 20,000 visitors to the Mkuze Game Reserve. 10 Wetlands are used by elephants, rhinos and warthogs as bathrooms!
Exercise 5 Direct speech (Unit 15) Rewrite the following passage i n direct speech. Example: Die toergids het gesê dat daar ' n trop kameelperde staan. -> Die toergids het gesê: 'Daar staan ' n trop kameelperde.' Die gids het aan die toeriste verduidelik dat wit renosters gras eet, maar dat swart renosters blare en takke eet. H y het ook gesê dat hulle monde van mekaar dus verskil. Die wit renoster het ' n groot, wye bek en die swart renoster ' n lang, skerp bek. W i t renosters loop gewoonlik in familiegroepe in die oop veld saam, maar swart renosters loop alleen i n die ruigtes. Die gids vra of enige iemand vrae het.
Exercise 6 Indirect speech (Unit 15) Rewrite the following passage i n indirect speech. Example: Die toergids het gesê: 'Daar staan 'n trop kameelperde op die berg.' Die toergids het gesê dat daar ' n trop kameelperde op die berg staan. ' K y k daar b o , ' sê D i . 'Daar loop ses leeus!' verduidelik sy. 'Waar? Waar?' skreeu die ander toeriste. 'Daar! Daar by die groot rots!' wys D i . 'Is hulle nie wonderlik nie,' sê die seuntjie. ' E k wens ek kan aan hulle vat!' sê hy. Die gids waarsku horn: ' D i t sou baie gevaarlik wees omdat hulle jou sou doodmaak!' ' E k weet,' antwoord die seuntjie, 'maar ek wens t o g ! '
Exercise 7 Compound verbs (Unit 16) Rewrite the following sentences using the correct form of the compound verb in brackets. Example: H y (onderneem) om die boodskap te (aflewer). —• H y onderneem om die boodskap af te lewer. 1 Die sebras (weghardloop) van die leeus wat hulle (agtervolg).
2 Sy het (glimlag) toe die blomme aan haar (aflewer) is. 3 Die hotel het nie die hele groep (huisves) nie en ses van hulle het (oornag) by ' n B en B. 4 As jy haar (raadpleeg) moet jy (aanvaar) wat sy sê. 5 Die skoolhoof het die wenners (gelukwens) toe hulle hulle oorwinning (seëvier) het. 6 Natuurbewaring het die renosters se dood (ondersoek) en (onderneem) om die wilddiewe te vang. 7 Die nuwe pad deur die reservaat is (goedkeur) nadat almal die saak goed (oordink) het. 8 Toe sy hoor die fees (plaasvind), het sy gesê sy w i l (saamgaan). Exercise 8 Vocabulary: c o m p o u n d n o u n s (Unit 16)
Translate the following into Afrikaans. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
rusks beehive famine boutique potter vet hedgehog countryside estuary
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
festival life's work mealtime game park warthog garage bushveld dung beetle family members
Exercise 9 C o m p o u n d n o u n s (Unit 16)
Combine the following words into compound nouns. Example aart + appel —• aartappel aard + bewing —• aardbewing aard + vark —• erdvark 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
bed + goed sak + roller lam + w o l verhaal + kuns dier + tuin plat + land wild + bees broek + pyp vrugte + slaai
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
pan + koek mans + skoen blou + aap god + diens water + voël pop + orkes oog + arts pot + bakker koning + ryk
Exercise 10 Diminutives (Unit 16)
Give the diminutives of the following words. Where there is more than one possibility this has been indicated and you should give both. Example vark —• varkie boom —• boompie perd —• perdjie/vul 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
sag lam rond maan baba tafel vul huis boek besem
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
dam renoster bees (2) skaap (2) motor mond bal mandjie ketting kat
Unitl Exercise 1: 1 Oupa 2 Ouma 3 M a , moeder 4 Baba 5 Pa, vader 6 seun en broer 7 dogter en suster 6 & 7 kinders Exercise 2: 1 se 2 haar 3 hy 4 u 5 u 6 jou 7 julle 8 ek 9 sy Exercise 3: The words meneer and mevrou are abbreviated to mnr. and mev.; neither of them starts with a capital letter and each ends with a full stop. Exercise 4: 2 Ek is Sannie. Sara is my suster. Ek is haar suster. 3 E k is Piet. Dawid is my broer. Ek is sy broer. Exercise 5: More Sannie, More Piet, M o r e Jan. Ontbyt is amper reg. Exercise 6: 1 a Dit gaan goed, dankie. E n met u, Ma?/Goed dankie, M a . E n self?/Kan nie kla nie, M a . E n self? b Hoe's dit?/Lekker! c D i t gaan goed, dankie. E n met jou (, Susanne)?/Goed dankie (, Susanne). En self?/Kan nie kla nie (, Susanne). En self? d D i t gaan goed, dankie. E n met jou (, Gert)?/Goed dankie (, Gert). E n self?/Kan nie kla nie (, Gert). E n self? e D i t gaan goed, dankie. E n met jou (, Gert)?/Goed dankie (, Gert). E n self?/Kan nie kla nie (, Gert). En self?/ Hoe's dit?/Lekker! 2 Hoe gaan dit met Ouma? Exercise 7: Lekker dag!/Geniet die dag. (Have a nice/good day)/Sien jou vanaand. (See you tonight)/Lekker werk. (Enjoy your work.)/Jy ook. (You too.) Unit 2
Exercise 2: 1 nege; 2 negentien; 3 nege-en-negentig; 4 nege honderd, nege-en-negentig; 5 nege duisend, nege honderd, nege-en-negentig; 6 twee-en-dertig; 7 twee duisend, een honderd, ses-en-tagtig; 8 twaalf duisend, drie honderd,
vyf-en-veertig; 9 drie honderd en vyf-en-veertig duisend. ses honderd, agt-en-sewentig. Exercise 3:1 eenuu a.m. 2 halfvier a.m. 3 halfagt a.m. 4 halfdrie a.m. 5 sewe-uur p.m. 6 halfsewe p.m. 7 vieruur p.m. 8 twee-uur p.m. Exercise 4: 1 sewe-uur vm 2 agtuur vm 3 halfnege vm 4 elfuur vm 5 vyfuur nm 6 sesuur nm 7 tienuur nm 8 elfuur nm Exercise 8: 1 Ek het die seun gesien. Ek sal die seun sien. 2 Pa het die boek gelees. Pa sal die boek lees. 3 Sannie en haar ma het die huis skoongemaak. Sannie en haar ma sal die huis skoonmaak. 4 Pa het vir Sannie en Piet ' n roomys gekoop. Pa sal vir Sannie en Piet 'n roomys koop. 5 Ouma en Oupa het by ons gekuier. Ouma en Oupa sal by ons kuier. Exercise 9: Pain, apteek, Pain, aspirine, tandepasta, watte, salf, pleisters, drie-uur Exercise 10: 2 a musician b tennis player c ship's captain d soldier e baker f dancer g doctor h teacher i singer j traffic policeman k nurse 1 fisherman 3 a dokter b visserman c tennisspeler d verkeerskonstabel e Sanger f danser g verpleegster h onderwyser i bakker j soldaat k skeepskaptein 1 musikant Unit 3
Exercise 1: kinders, seun, dogter, troeteldiere, kat, hond, voël, voëltjie, kat, hond, tone, voete, vingers, hande, mense, voete, kat, hond, pote, voëltjie, kloue, voël, vlerke Exercise 2: 1 Piet 2 Sannie 3 Pa 4 Sannie 5 Pa en M a Exercise 3: M a i n bedroom, Piet's bedroom, Sannie's bedroom, dining room, lounge, kitchen, shower, bathroom, toilet Exercise 4: 1 eetkamer 2 kombuis 3 sitkamer 4 een 5 oggend 6 toilet Exercise 5: 1 stoof, yskas, tafel, kettel, stoele 2 tafel en stoele 3 bank, klavier, T V , huisplante, draadloos 4 dubbelbed, spieëltafel, draadloos 5 enkelbed, boekrak, lessenaar 6 enkelbed, pophuis, lessenaar Exercise 6: 1 a to visit friends b five o'clock/5 p.m. c their mother's d salt &c pepper e Piet f baking powder 2 a waarheen b hoe laat c wie se d watter e wie f wat Exercise 7: Breakfast - pap, sap, spek, wors, niertjies, eiers, tamaties, roosterbrood, konfyt; Lunch - brood, kaas, smeer, sap, konfyt, appels, perskes, vye, pruime, druiwe, piesangs, pere; Supper - beesvleis, skaapboud, varktjop, hoender, maalvleis, aartappels, ertjies, boontjies, kool, pampoen, wortels, kaas
Exercise 8: Koffie asseblief, dankie; Ek sal ' n stukkie koek neem, dankie; Dankie, ek sal. K a n ek die suiker kry, asseblief?; Dit was heerlik. Baie dankie. Unit 4
Exercise 1:1 Ben & Famieda 2 Z u l u , Xhosa & Basotho 3 in die Kaap 4 KwaZulu-Natal, Gauteng &c Ooskaap 5 Willem, Koos, Andries & Ben 6 San 7 K h o i Exercise 2: 1 wat 2 waar 3 wat 4 watter 5 wie sie 6 waar 7 hoeveel 8 wie se 9 wat Exercise 4: 1 om te [reis] 2 om te [braai] 3 om ['n koek] te [bak] 4 te [rook] 5 te [werk] 6 te [seil] 7 om te [groet] 8 te [kom] Exercise 5: 1 V o l pret k o m die kinders vroeg van die skool af. 2 Vroeg kom die kinders vol pret van die skool af. 3 Van die skool af kom die kinders vroeg vol pret. 4 In Engeland het die Smits verlede jaar ses weke lekker gekuier. 5 Lekker het die Smits verlede jaar ses weke in Engeland gekuier. 6 Verlede jaar het die Smits ses weke lekker in Engeland gekuier. 7 Per boot gaan ons Junie-maand rustig Suid-Afrika toe reis, 8 Rustig gaan ons Junie-maand per boot Suid-Afrika toe reis. 9 Junie-maand gaan ons per boot rustig Suid-Afrika toe reis. Exercise 6: 1 O p Abram se plaas kuier ek lekker. 2 A l lank woon X a i se mense hier. 3 X a i vertel hoe vroeër sy oupa wilde diere gejag het. 4 Van die wortels van plante en tsammas het hulle water gekry. 5 Ek sal weer een van die dae terug wees in Engeland. Exercise 7: 1 tafeldoek 2 telefoonboek 3 motorhuis 4 stofpan 5 besigheidsentrum 6 boekrak 7 speelgoed 8 verkeerskonstabel 9 poskantoor 10 bushalte Unit 5
Exercise 1: 1 Should have Verjaarsdag on front; inside, must have either Veels geluk or Beste wense met jou verjaarsdag; your addressee - Beste Tante X ; and your salutation - met beste wense/baie geluk, veels geluk, then if you like, jou niggie and your name or just give your name. 2 Should have Verlowing on front; inside, must have Veels geluk met jou verlowing; your addressee - Beste Meneer X X or Mejuffrou X X ; and your salutation - Groete, and your full name Exercise 2: 1 a Ek sal by Marie eet b Ek sal vuurwerke haal c Ek sal Robbeneiland toe gaan d Ek sal X a i by die apteek ontmoet e Ek sal na die C D luister 2 a die slagter b O p Woensdag, 10 Augustus, om agtuur/twee honderd uur c O m tienuur/tien
honderd uur d X a i e Woensdag, 10 Augustus, om tweeuur/veertien honderd uur Exercise 3: 1 the speaker's lover has been hanged 2 an aimless existence 3 a secret assignation 4 alcohol addiction Exercise 4: gehou; ligte; vyf; kerse; simbool; seëvier; donkerte; ondermyn; voorspoed Exercise 5: O n t h o u boomplantdag op 4 September! Herinnering!! Boomplantdag. 4 September.
or
Exercise 6: 1 wat, 2 waarmee, 3 met wie / van wie, 4 wat, 5 aan wie, 6 waarin, 7 wie se, 8 wat, 9 van wie, 10 waarop Exercise 7: 1 Sannie het 'n brief van Piet wat in die Kalahari is gekry. 2 X a i eet sprinkane waarvan Piet nie hou nie. 3 Die boom is ' n Van Wykshout wat die boom van die jaar is. 4 Hier is die materiaal waarvan jy jou rok kan maak. 5 Daar is X a i se oupa aan wie die pyl en boog behoort. 6 Vanaand is die laaste aand van Diwali wat 'n H i n d u fees is. 7 Green Point is die stadion waarin die Kaapse Klopse kompetisie gehou word. 8 Tweede Nuwejaar is die dag waarop die Kaapse Klopse gehou word. Unit 6
Exercise 1: 1 Bokke geklop! 2 Fluitjie blaas op Bokke 3 Leeus bars deur 4 Pale te hoog vir Bokke 5 Leeus staan rotsvas 6 Bokke sweet; Leeus juig Exercise 2: 1 juigende 2 juigend 3 verdowend 4 verdowende 5 blitsvinnige 6 blitsvinnig 7 maklik 8 maklik Exercise 3: sterkste; sterker; moeg; lang; moegste; vêrste; meeste; beter; mees opgewonde Exercise 4: The marathon stands as a symbol of humankind's capacity to overcome/conquer. That is what is meant by 'The Spirit of the Comrades'. Exercise 5: wêreldberoemde; Comrades; Eerste; swaar; aaklige; duisende; albei; psigies; openbare; eerste; 34; een; sogenaamde; volgende; omtrent; negentig; lank Exercise 6: 1 propvol 2 so slim soos ' n jakkals 3 yskoud 4 spotgoedkoop 5 wêreldberoemd 6 so lig soos ' n veer 7 so siek soos 'n hond 8 skatryk or peperduur Unit 7
Exercise 1: 1 hy 2 u/jy 3 se .. se 4 hulle 5 horn 6 s'n .. s'n 7 horn 8 sy 9 u 10 haar .. sy
Exercise 2: 1 is 2 s a l . . . wees 3 is 4 was 5 was Exercise 3: 1 agtuur nm. 2 halfsewe vm. 3 twee-en-twintig minute na een nm. 4 sewe minute oor nege vm. 5 drie-uur vm. Exercise 4: 1 X a i het vir Piet gewys dat die tsamma vol water is (or was). X a i en Piet het die water gedrink en Piet het uitgevind dat die vloeistof wel soos water smaak. Terwyl hulle gesit het, het X a i vir Piet vertel van hoe sy Oupa gejag het en agter die springbokke aangetrek het. X a i het gesê dat die San nie meer mag jag nie en nou op een plek moet bly. Sy oupa se pyl en boog het nou teen die muur in hulle baksteen-huisie gehang. X a i het baie treurig gevoel omdat die ou dae verby was. Piet het horn baie jammer gekry. 2 M n r . en mev. Smit sal aan die Comrades deelneem. Hulle sal seker maak dat hulle die regte kos eet en sal elke dag tien kilometer vêr hardloop. Hulle sal piesangs, heuning, druiwe, wortels en heuning eet, omdat die kossoorte almal vol vitamines is. O m hulle liggame op te bou en te verseker dat hulle energie het, sal hulle ook aartappels, rys en witbrood eet. Hulle sal ook baie melk drink. Die kinders sal saam met hulle ouers eet, want dit is alles gesonde kos. Exercise 5: 1 a hemp/hemde b trui/e c kous/e d pak/ke e baadjie/s f jas/te g sambreel/s/sambrele h rok/ke i romp/e j steuwel/s k bloes/e 1 das/se m onderrok/ke n gordel/s o onderbroek/e 2 Umhlanga four-bedroomed home with two and a half bathrooms, dining room, lounge, family/TV room. N e w kitchen with separate laundry. Double garage. Large garden with barbecue area and swimming pool. One million, two hundred thousand Rand. Exercise 6: 1 Elke jaar vind Boomplantdag in September plaas. 2 O p die kantlyn gedurende die voetbalwedstryd is twee toeskouers ernstig beseer. 3 M e t vernuf het Kallis vanoggend die bal sewe maal hoog oor die grens geslaan. 4 Adderleystraat af, beweeg die Kaapse Klopse parade elke jaar, Strandstraat i n , die bult oor, tot by die Greenpointstadium. 5 By die Diwali feesvierings is daar elke jaar smaaklike kos, baie kerse en vuurwerke te siene. 6 Voor 1996 was dit nie moontlik om te weet hoe vinnig ' n bouler boul nie. In daardie jaar is die handige 'Speed Stick' deur 'n Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappy gevestig in Stellenbosch ontwerp en getoets. Exercise 7: 1 Hoe is jou naam? 2 Hoe gaan dit met jou/u? 3 Wanneer gaan jy huis toe? 4 Hoe laat is dit? 5 Waar woon jy? 6 Van watter stad kom jy? 7 Die hoeveelste is dit vandag? 8 Wat lees jy?
Exercise 8: 1 die 2 die 3 ' n 4 die 5 'n 6 ' n 7 Die 8 die Exercise 9: 1 a Gert is the man who won the race, b Marie is the woman whom Gert married, c It is Xai's grandfather whose bow and arrow it is. d The Khalagadi is the land which was called the Kalahari by the whites, e The coffee which they drank was very bitter, f The bed on which I am lying is too soft, g The room in which they watch T V is very hot/warm, h This is the pen with which I wrote the book. 2 a Die Parkeraad voorsien die borne wat op Boomplantdag geplant word, b Piet hou nie van die sprinkane wat X a i eet nie. c Die boom is 'n Van Wykshout waarvan ek jou vertei het. d Hier is die graaf waarmee jy die gat kan maak. e Daar is X a i se pa aan wie die baksteenhuis behoort. f Vanaand is die Kaapse Klopse kompetisie wat die hele nag aanhou. g Greenpoint is die stadium waarin die Kaapse Klopse kompetisie gehou word, h Die Bokke se skoppe pale toe wat skeef was, het hulle die wedstryd laat verloor. Exercise 10: honderde; grys; helderblou; grasgroene; vuurwarme; sneeuwitte; groot; stokarm/brandarm; doodbang; bloedrooi; aaklige; waarskuwende Unit 8
Exercise 1: 1 Vlug B A 234 vanaf Londen en Vlug S A A 345 vanaf Durban 2 mnr. Smit 3 By bagasie-ontvangs B 4 Vlug SAA 598 5 vanaf Kimberley 6 Hek Sewentien 7 N a die stad 8 In die verversingsarea Exercise 2: 1 Hoe laat 2 kort-kort 3 meer gretig 4 vroeër 5 selde 6 waar 7 soggens 8 toe 9 laaste 10 betyds Exercise 3: We hope you have enjoyed your breakfast. We will be landing at Johannesburg International at 10h20. Johannesburg (or Egoli, the city of gold, as it is known in isiZulu) is the largest city i n South Africa and its business centre. It is a cosmopolitan city and overseas visitors soon find themselves at home. It is also said to be the most 'treed' city in the world, so you will find shade under the African sun. Enjoy! Exercise 4: 1 Die toeris sal móre-aand om agtuur (or om agtuur móre-aand) met sy koffer vol klere stasie toe stap om die trein te haai. 2 Die passasiers het onmiddellik hul bagasie gaan afhaal en toe lekker verversings gaan eet. Exercise 5: 1 Is jy getroud? 2 Het jy kinders? 3 Hoeveel kinders het jy? 4 Het jy afhanklikes? 5 Is jou kinders skoolgangers. 6 Is jy ' n huiseienaar? 7 Werk jy vir iemand? 8 Wie is jou werkgewer? 9 Is jy 'n pensioentrekker?
Exercise 6: 1 Ja, ek is getroud./Nee, ek is nie getroud nie. 2 Ja, ek het kinders./Nee, ek het nie kinders nie. 3 Ek het X kinders. 4 Ja, ek het afhanklikes./Nee, ek het nie afhanklikes nie. 5 Ja, my kinders is skoolgangersVNee, my kinders is nie skoolgangers nie. 6 Ja, ek is ' n huiseienaar./Nee, ek is nie ' n huiseienaar nie. 7 Ja, ek werk vir iemand./Nee, ek werk nie vir iemand nie. or Nee, ek werk vir niemand nie. 8 M y werkgewer is X . 9 Ja, ek is ' n pensioentrekkerVNee, ek is nie ' n pensioentrekker nie. Exercise 7: Tourist: Excuse me, madam. H o w can I get into the city? Receptionist: The easiest would be for you to go and queue at that window which says 'Tickets' and to buy a ticket there. D o you want to come back to the hotel? Tourist: Yes, please. Receptionist: Then you must ask for a return ticket to town. It w i l l cost R 5 . Remember that the last bus leaves the bus stop in Market Square at 22h00. It is the same place at which you will get off. Tourist: That's a bit early! Receptionist: Then you should rather buy a single ticket and hire a taxi to come back. Here is the number of the taxi company which services the hotel. Tourist: Thank you very much. I appreciate your help. Receptionist: You're welcome. Enjoy your day. Exercise 8: 1 N o , there are not only toll roads on the main routes/national roads. 2 The country roads are sometimes not tarred. 3 You can get petrol and something to eat along the road at the fuel stations. 4 You must not brake sharply on gravel/rough roads. 5 A hump can damage the underside of the motor car. 6 After rains there may be potholes, pools of water, corrugations, and the roads may be slippery. 7 The South African road safety campaign is called 'Arrive Alive'. Unit 9
Exercise 1: Goeienaand; Welkom; Dankie. Hoe gaan dit met jou?; Goed, dankie en met jou?; waar julle kamers is. Petra jy is hier en Rachel jy is oorkant die gang; Baie, dankie; koffers; k o m drink ' n bietjie koffie; Dit sal lekker wees. Dankie; Ons sal nounou daar wees. Exercise 2: Suid-Afrika is nie ' n koue reënerige land nie. Dis nie 'n klein land wat nog net 'n honderd jaar vry is nie. Jy sal nêrens in die bos tiers teëkom nie. Suid-Afrika is nie ' n land van dodo's en paradysvoëls nie. N i e net Indiërs woon in Suid-Afrika nie en nie al hulle dorpe en stede is aan die kus nie. Niemand sal vir jou kan reel om in die woestyn te toer nie. Jy sal daar nêrens vervoer kan kry nie. Exercise 3: M E M O - H U I S O R D E • rook en sterk drank word nie i n die kamers toegelaat nie • tydskrifte mag nie weggedra
word nie • sleutels moet nie (moenie) in u deure gelos word nie • partytjies word nie in u kamers toegelaat nie • onderklere moet nie (moenie) i n die kamers gewas word nie Exercise 4: 1 O m 'n taxi te bestel. 2 Haar 'n luitjie gee. 3 Sy wil na Dick luister. 4 Die beheer-sentrum 5 O m hulle deur te skakel na horn. Exercise 5: 1 alles 2 almal 3 al 4 alles 5 alle 6 alles 7 al 8 al 9 a l 10 almal Exercise 6: Inligting vir gaste • Skakel asseblief u ligte af wanneer u u kamer verlaat. • Neem asseblief u sleutels saam wanneer u u kamer verlaat. • Sluit asseblief u deur. • Plaas asseblief jou ontbytbestelling teen 18h00 die vorige aand. • Tee en koffie is teen alle tye beskikbaar in die eetkamer • Televisie is beskikbaar in die sitkamer. Geniet dit! Unit 10
Exercise 1: Sale 5 0 % off all goods G o l d and silver goods and diamonds at discount prices. Available to tourists GST/VAT free. Annual sale. Don't miss it!! Exercise 2: 1 nadat 2 of 3 wanneer 4 toe 5 en Exercise 3: 1 Jy moet skoene aantrek want daar is slange in die veld. 2 Die Hindus gebruik baie kerse gedurende Diwali omdat dit die 'Fees van Ligte' is. 3 Piet het vroeg gekom aangesien hy sy padda graag wou opsny. 4 Die rugbywedstryd sal gespeel word alhoewel dit baie hard gereën het. 5 Jy sal nou moet ry as jy jou inkopies w i l doen voordat die winkels sluit. 6 Die werkers sal eers gate maak; dan sal die borne geplant word. 7 Die maatskappy het die borne gekoop; toe het die werkers hulle geplant. 8 Hulle het gaan draf nadat hulle klaar die huis skoongemaak het. Exercise 4: The easiest food to take with you is fruit, potatoes and meat. Drinks like fruit juice, coffee, tea and milk are also important. Ensure that you have water. For breakfast, either porridge or cereal are the easiest. Braai (barbecue) enough meat each evening to eat cold the next day for lunch. Y o u can eat bread and hardboiled eggs and tomatoes with the cold braai (barbecue). Don't forget the butter, salt and the sugar, or the wood and matches! Exercise 5: vrugte - fruit, aartappels - potatoes, vleis - meat, vrugtesap - fruit juice, koffie - coffee, tee - tea, rnelk - milk, water - water, pap - porridge, graankos - cereal, vleis - meat, brood - bread, eiers - eggs, tarnaties - tomatoes, hotter - butter, suiker - sugar, sout - salt, houd - wood, vuurhoutjies - matches
Exercise 6: Beste Sarie, Hoe gaan dit met jou? Ons geniet ons, maar dit is koud hier. Ek het dus my rooi trui en my swart jas nodig. Ek het ook kouse/sokkies en 'n sweetpak nodig. Stuur hulle asseblief vir my. Groete, Robin. Exercise 7: 1 Die lugdiens het hulle nie laat weet waarom die vlug gister gekanselleer is nie. 2 Die lugdiens het hulle laat weet voordat die vlug gister gekanselleer is. 3 Die lugdiens moes hulle laat weet omdat die vlug gekanselleer is. 4 Die werkgewers het hulle werkers 'n vakansiedag gegee aangesien hulle almal die jaar hard gewerk het. 5 Die skool bring hulle leerlinge SuidAfrika toe sodra die somervakansie Juliemaand begin. Exercise 8: 1 Waarom die vlug gister gekanselleer is, het die lugdiens hulle nie laat weet nie. 2 Voordat die vlug gister gekanselleer is, het die lugdiens hulle laat weet. 3 Omdat die vlug gekanselleer is, moes die lugdiens hulle laat weet. 4 Aangesien hulle almal die jaar hard gewerk het, het die werkgewers hulle werkers ' n vakansiedag gegee. 5 Sodra die somervakansie Juliemaand begin, bring die skool hulle leerlinge Suid-Afrika toe. Unit 11
Exercise 1: Excuse me, sir. Can you help us? Our hire car has a flat tyre and there is no jack in the boot. We also do not have a spare as it is also flat. Exercise 2: 1 gedurende 2 by voorbaad dank 3 aan jou dink 4 om drie-uur 5 het deur .. geloop 6 verlang na die huis 7 in vergelyking met 8 praat met Exercise 3: 1 oor 2 in 3 onder 4 in 5 onder 6 Iangs 7 na 8 oorkant Exercise 4: 1 Die maatskappy het al die borne afgekap. 2 Die maatskappy sal al die borne afkap. 3 Die maatskap kap al die borne af. 4 Die leeus jaag die bokkies weg. 5 Die leeus sal die bokkies wegjaag. 6 Die leeus het die bokkies weggejaag. 7 Die hondjie is deur die bus omgery. 8 Die hondjie word deur die bus omgery. 9 Die hondjie sal deur die bus omgery word. 10 Die passasiers het by die bushalte opgeklim. 11 Die passasiers klim by die bushalte op. 12 Die passasiers sal by die bushalte opklim. Exercise 5: 1 agter 2 na 3 na 4 by 5 by 6 na 7 by 8 agter Exercise 6: 1 in 2 uit 3 in 4 om 5 om 6 toe 7 met 8 om 9 na 10 oor 11 van 12 van
Exercise 7: Die Minister van Gesondheid w i l nie hê dokters moet medisyne aan pasiënte voorsien nie. Ja, maar die dokters sê dat die arme pasiënt gaan lei, want hulle het nie geld om apteek toe te ry nie. Die Minister sê dat dokters dan 'n lisensie moet kry om medisyne te voorsien. Dokters verwerp die Minister se posisie en sê hulle sal aanhou om siekes van medisyne te voorsien. The Minister of Health does not want doctors to supply patients with medicine. Yes, but doctors say poorer patients will suffer, as they do not have the money to travel to chemists. The Minister says that doctors must get a licence to supply medicines. Doctors are rejecting the Minister's position and say they will continue to supply medicines to the sick. Unit 12
Exercise 1: Big Hole gives diamonds again. Tonight an English tourist is laughing. After nearly 80 years the Big Hole has again delivered its treasure. The tourist had been standing against the barricade where so many have committed suicide. When she turned to leave, she stubbed her toe against something. When she looked to see what it was, she saw what she thought was a round piece of glass. When she pulled it out of the ground, she saw that it was not glass but a shiny stone. A t reception officials confirmed that it was a diamond. Officials say that the company will indeed give the tourist a portion of the value of the diamond once the value has been determined/established. Exercise 2: 1 Sutherland sal die naweek koud wees 2 Die toeris sal deel van die waarde van die diamant ontvang. 3 Die Groot Gat was 'n diamantskat. 4 Die sterrewag was vir die week oop. 5 Die sterrekundiges het ' n nuwe ster gevind. 6 Die polisie het die dronklap gearresteer. 7 Die middelmannetjie sal jou motor beskadig. 8 N a die reën sal die paaie vol slaggate wees. Exercise 3: 1 The nurses are busy with the patient. 2 Sarel is reading while Petro is baking a cake. 3 The lions are chasing the buck, because they are hungry. 4 It is raining so hard that the streets are running with water. 5 I can do it myself if you only show me how. 6 We are playing cricket today against the West Indies. Exercise 4: 1 Piet en Sannie het hulle huiswerk gedoen sodat hulle later T V k o n kyk. 2 Die motoriste moes almal versigtig ry, want na die stormreën was daar i n daardie omgewing sinkplaatpaaie. 3 As hy genoeg geld gehad het, sou hy ook SuidAfrika toe w o u kom. 4 D i en M a r y w o u graag daardie naweek
hulle hare laat sny terwyl Dick 'n motor gaan huur het. 5 Die bokkies k o n nie van die leeus wegkom nie. 6 Ons sou eers Durban toe wou gaan en dan na die Kaap. 7 As sy nie gister die kompetisie gewen het nie, sou sy self moes betaal vir die toer. 8 Die polisie sou die toeskouers by die voetbalwedstryd onder beheer moes hou. Exercise 5: Oudtshoorn: Little Karoo town, known for ostriches and the Cango Caves. Farming with ostriches mainly for meat and hides. Best known for Cango Caves with their San paintings and stalactites, stalagmites and helictites. Tours available. Regular music concerts held. Tickets available at the entrance. Exercise 6: 1 hangende 2 spiralende 3 soekende 4 besoekende 5 lopende 6 stormende 7 laggende 8 skoppende Exercise 7: 1 dooie, begrawe 2 bedorwe 3 insittendes, gelag, gesels 4 gebraaide 5 verlate 6 verdagte, verskyn 7 afgekapte, gebruik Exercise 8: 1 geleerd 2 beskerm 3 vermoeiend 4 gedane 5 verbaas 6 verbonde 7 bekommerd 8 gestorwe Exercise 9: 1 Bel my, asseblief. 2 Sit! 3 Bly stil! 4 M a a k asseblief die deur toe. 5 Draai asseblief die musiek sagter. 6 Sit die boek neer! Unit 13
Exercise 1: groter, grootste; seerder, seerste; leliker, lelikste; meer, meeste; moeër, moegste; dunner, dunste; leeg, leeg; mooier, mooiste; dood, dood; goedkoper, goedkoopste Exercise 2: adverbs: baie (degree), veel (degree), lekker (manner), snags (time); adjectives: groot, koeler, w a r m , woestynagtig, tropies, koud Exercise 3: 1 M e t wie gaan jy toer? 2 Wanneer hou die Indiërs Diwali? 3 Wat kan jy by die juwelier kry? 4 Waar kan jy sosaties en wors koop? 5 H o e k o m moes Dick na die uitruster gaan? 6 Wie het D i die inspuiting gegee? Exercise 4: 1 Waarvandaan kom jy? 2 Hoe is jou naam? 3 Waar bly jy? 4 Wanneer het jy (aan)gekom? 5 Hoe laat is ontbyt? Exercise 5: a Can you tell me where the station is? Nee, ek kan jou nie sê waar die stasie is nie. b Is this the hus to the Castle? Nee, dit is nie die bus na die Kasteel toe nie. c Will the doctor be able to see me now? Nee, die dokter sal jou nie nou kan sien nie. d Did the bluebottle sting you? Nee, die bloublasie het my
nie gesteek nie. e Must we buy bread, milk and fruit for breakfast? Nee, julle moet nie (moenie) brood, melk en vrugte koop vir ontbyt nie. Exercise 6: 1 Omdat D i siek is, het ons ons kaartjies weggegee. 2 N a die groot brand, was Ongevalle baie besig. 3 Sodra hy en X a i weer i n die dorp is, sal Piet huis toe skryf. 4 Wanneer die pasiënt ingelaai is, sal die ambulans onmiddellik vertrek. 5 Nadat hulle vir twaalf ure gesukkel het, het die brandweer die vuur geblus. Exercise 7: 1 Die boom wat baie groot is, is 'n kremetartboom. 2 Dit is die rots waarop ons gestaan het. 3 X a i is die San seun by wie Piet gaan kuier het. 4 Dit is die noodnommer wat jy moet bel. 5 Hulle w i l weet waar hy gaan toer wanneer hy volgende week aankom, 6 Ons sal die straatteater gaan kyk; dan sal ons shebeen toe gaan. Exercise 8: 1 Niemand sal jou help met die toets nie. 2 N o g D i nog M a r y sal die inkopies gaan doen. 3 Die klein het nog nie ' n bokkie gevang nie. 4 Jy moet nie / moenie die medisyne alles op een dag opdrink nie. 5 Daar is nêrens op die pad ' n piekniekplek nie. 6 Die teerpad het nie baie slaggate nie. Exercise 9: 1 met 2 te .. aan 3 tot 4 in(geskied) 6 met 7 na
5 langs, toe
Exercise 10: 1 D i het agtergebly want sy is siek. 2 Die bokkies hardloop van die leeus weg. 3 In die warm weer sal ons baie koeldrank opgebruik. 4 Die gaste moet hulle kamerligte afskakel as hulle vertrek. 5 Omdat hulle ' n papwiel gehad het, het hulle dit afgehaal Exercise 11: 1 Wanneer k o m jy Suid-Afrika toe? 2 Die toeriste gaan Maandag Kimberley toe. 3 Die San woon nou in dorpies. 4 ' n Musiekkonsert is verlede Saterdag in die Kango Grotte gehou. 5 Omdat daar geen reën was nie, sal Boomplantdag nou op 20 November wees. 6 A l die kinders het die vuurwerke geniet. 7 Die familie het almal na Ouma se verjaarsdagmidagete gegaan. 8 Die pad sal weer om sewe-uur n.m. oop wees. Exercise 12: 1 glinsterende 2 vermoeiend 3 eerskomende uitputtend 5 bevrore 6 bevries 7 gestrykde, weggepak
4
Exercise 13: 1 a Please come i n . b Put your suitcases here, c Meet passengers i n the Arrivals H a l l , d Switch the lights off when you leave, e Mobile phones may not be used i n the bank. 2 a Volg my, asseblief. b Draai die musiek sagter! c Bly stil! d Help my, asseblief. e K l i m i n die bad!
Unit 14
Exercise 1: food: sosatie, bobotie, waterblommetjiebredie, roosterkoekAbrood, vetkoek, biltong; industries: wyn, w o l , sybokhaar, meubels, juweliersware, graskuns/grashandwerk Exercise 2: The food which my people eat is known as Malay food. Stews, grilled meat and boiled/cooked vegetables are eaten often. There is a lot of pepper and herbs in the food. Large rissoles/meatballs are eaten with yellow rice and beetroot salad. W i t h curries, sour milk and orange slices/wedges are eaten. Malay foods, which many South Africans like and which are now considered to be traditional South African food, are sosaties and bobotie. A l l meat is bought from a M u s l i m butcher who prepares it in a special way - in much the same way as that in which the meat that Jews eat, is prepared. Muslims, also like the Jews, do not eat pork. Muslims also do not drink alcohol. Exercise 3: 1 Die passasiers word deur die vlieënier van Johannesburg vertel. 2 Baie kerse is deur Asha en haar dogters vir D i w a l i opgesteek. 3 Sal die slang deur die sekretarisvoël gevang word? 4 Die sprinkane is deur Jan oor die kole gebraai. 5 Bobotie word deur die Maleiers van oorskietvleis, eiers, brood en melk gemaak. 6 Die toeriste sal deur die toergids deur die Bo-Kaap gelei word om die Groot Moskee te gaan besoek. 7 Is die borne vir Boomplantdag deur die maatskappy bestel? 8 Sommige voëls word deur die wet beskerm, anders roei mense hulle uit. 9 Toe die son ondergegaan het, is die vuur deur ons gemaak. 10 Die luiperd wat beseer is sal deur die jagter geskiet moet word. Exercise 4: 1 Is the aircraft/aeroplane expected early? 2 When you have finished eating, the table must be cleared. 3 After the peaches have been picked, they are packed for export. 4 The maize/mealie fields will be eaten by the locusts. 5 During the flu epidemic all the tourists were given medicine. 6 The teapot is warmed first before the tea is made. Exercise 5: 1 Is [someone] expecting the aircraft/aeroplane early? 2 When you have finished eating, you must clear the table. 3 After [someone] has picked the peaches, [someone] packs them for export. 4 The locusts will eat the maize/mealie fields. 5 During the flu epidemic, [someone] gives all the tourists medicine. 6 [Someone] warms the teapot first before making the tea.
Exercise 6: 1 Die klas het paddas opgesny. 2 Die vuur is deur mnr. Smit gemaak. 3 Die marathon sal hierdie jaar na Durban toe gehardloop word. 4 Die werkers is deur die besigheid 'n vakansie gegee. 5 Nuwejaarsdag val volgende jaar op ' n Dinsdag. 6 Worsrolletjies is deur al die kinders geëet. 7 Meneer and Mevrou Smit sal wyn drink saam met hulle kos. 8 Roomysmelk sal vir Piet en Sannie bestel word. Unit 15
Exercise 1: Vuyo: Welcome, Suné. Tell us a bit about the preparations for the K K N K festival - Klein-Karoo National Festival - which takes place in M a r c h . Suné: Morning, Vuyo. Thank you very much for the invitation. As you say, this year the Festival is being held in M a r c h . We always have the Festival during the Easter holidays so that parents and their children can attend it together. Vuyo: What is there for family members to see and do? C a n you satisfy everyone? Suné: Yes, I think so. O n the one hand, there is serious classical music, dramas and fine arts, and, on the other, there are pop bands, street theatre, graffiti exhibitions, and so on. There is also lots to eat and drink, and wonderful clothes to buy. Vuyo: H o w did the K K N K come about? Suné: The 40-year success of the National Arts Festival in Grahamstown which celebrates the 1820 British Settlers led to a group of our big-name Afrikaans performers being encouraged to organize a similar festival which would celebrate Afrikaans culture. N o w the K K N K even attracts productions that attend the Grahamstown Festival. Everyone who is proud of Afrikaans as a language and culture comes to the festival to sing, to produce, to eat - to get together. Vuyo: Is there no competition between the two festivals? Suné: N o , there is not, because, although some of the productions and exhibitions attend both festivals, and although there is an overlap of generic art types, there is not an overlap of cultural focus. Both festivals are wonderful platforms for new talent and both festivals present multilingual productions. Vuyo: Thank you, Suné, for coming to enlighten/inform us. I hope the K K N K is a wonderful success. A l l the best! Exercise 2: Suné antwoord: 'Ja, ek dink so. A a n die een kant, is daar die meer ernstige klassieke musiek, dramas en beeldende kunste, en aan die ander, is daar poporkeste, straatteater, graffiti-uitstallings ensomeer. Daar is natuurlik ook baie om te eet en drink, en wonderlike klere om te k o o p . ' Vuyo vra: ' H o e het die K K N K tot stand gekom?' Suné vertel: ' D i e veertigjaarige sukses van die Nasionale Kunstefees in Grahamstad wat die
1820 Britse Setlaars herdenk, het daartoe gelei dat van ons groot Afrikaanse kunstenaars aangemoedig is om 'n soortgelyke fees wat Afrikanerkultuur sou feesvier, te organiseer. N o u lok die K K N K selfs opvoerings wat ook by die Grahamstadfees opgevoer word. Almal wat trots is op Afrikaans as taal en kultuur kom fees toe om te sing, om op te voer, om te eet - om saam te span.' Vuyo vra: 'Is daar nie kompetisie tussen die twee feeste nie?' Suné verduidelik: 'Nee, daar is nie, want, alhoewel sommige van die opvoerings en uitstallings beide feeste bywoon, en alhoewel daar 'n oorvleueling is van generiese kunstipes, is daar nie ' n oorvleueling van kulturele fokus nie. Beide feeste is 'n wonderlike platform vir nuwe talent en albei feeste bied veeltalige opvoerings aan.' Vuyo sê: 'Dankie, Suné, dat jy ons kom inlig het. Ek hoop die K K N K is 'n wonderlike sukses. Sterkte!' Exercise 3: Vuso vra: 'Sal daar beide klassieke en popmusiekkonserte by die K K N K wees?' 'Ja,' antwoord Suné. 'Daar is musiek vir almal en nie net bekende orkeste nie, maar ook nuwe orkeste uit al die verskillende kulture.' Vuyo sê: ' D i t is die wonder van musiek. Dit kruis oor alle tale en kulture.' Suné vertei: 'Baie van die nuwe orkeste kry besprekings vir na die fees, sodat die fees dikwels die begin van nuwe loopbane beteken.' Exercise 4: 3 February 2004. The Principal, Chelsea Sixth Form College, 177 Westville Avenue, Chelsea London SW1. Dear M r Windsor, Thank you for your letter. Festivals are held throughout the year all over the country, but most fall during the school holidays. The two big arts festivals are held i n Oudtshoorn and Grahamstown in March/April and June/July, respectively. Music festivals are held in A p r i l , June and October in Cape Town, Pretoria and Bloemfontein, respectively. Sea fests take place in Durban, Port Elizabeth, Cape Town, East London, Knysna, Plettenberg Bay, Mossel Bay and Hermanus in the summer months - from late August to the end of A p r i l . Accommodation is available in all the towns and cities and bookings can usually be made directly through the festival organizations.
You can choose the festivals you wish to attend by looking on the Suid-Afrika Beste web page: <www.suid-afrikabeste.co.za>, where you can also make bookings. If we can assist you further, you can contact us by telephone, fax or e-mail. Yours faithfully, L . E . McDermott Exercise 5: Suné groet Vuyo en bedank horn vir sy uitnodiging. Sy sê dat soos hy sê, die fees daardie jaar in Maartmaand gehou word. Sy verduidelik verder dat hulle die fees altyd gedurende die Paasvakansie hou sodat ouers en hulle kinders dit saam kan bywoon. Vuyo vra wat daar is vir die gesinslede om te sien en doen en of hulle almal sal kan tevrede stel. Suné antwoord dat sy so dink, want, aan die een kant, is daar die meer ernstige klassieke musiek, dramas en beeldende kunste, en aan die ander, is daar poporkeste, straatteater, graffiti-uitstallings ensomeer. Sy sê ook dat daar natuurlik ook baie is om te eet en drink, en dat daar wonderlike klere is om te koop. Exercise 6: Vuyo het gevra hoe die K K N K tot stand gekom het. Suné het verduidelik dat die veertigjaarige sukses van die Nasionale Kunstefees in Grahamstad wat die 1820 Britse Setlaars herdenk, daartoe gelei het dat van hulle groot Afrikaanse kunstenaars aangemoedig was om 'n soortgelyke fees wat Afrikanerkultuur sou feesvier, te organiseer. Sy het gesê dat die K K N K nou selfs opvoerings wat ook by die Grahamstadfees opgevoer w o r d lok, en het gesê dat almal wat trots is op Afrikaans as taal en kultuur, fees toe k o m om te sing, om op te voer, om te eet - om saam te span. Unit 16
Exercise 1: 1 Die toer sou plaasvind sodra die toergids teruggekom het. 2 Nadat hulle die papwiel reggemaak het, is die toer voortgesit. 3 Mev. N t u l i het die hele toergroep gehuisves. 4 As julle met die juwelier onderhandel het, sou hy 'n paar Rand afgetrek het. 5 Die bus het in Hermanus stilgehou sodat almal die walvisse k o n dophou. 6 Kaptein Bruinders moes oornag vis om genoeg vis te vang vir die mark. 7 Nadat die spelers hulle oorwinning geseëvier het, het hulle teruggekeer na die hotel. Exercise 2: The South African game and nature reserves are deservedly well known. They are among the few in Africa in which you are virtually guaranteed to see the sought-after 'Big
Five'. The map below shows the national reserves. There are also many smaller private parks, but these do not always have the 'Big Five'. The Kruger National Park is probably the best known of South Africa's game reserves. It is the oldest park in South Africa and the biggest. In recent years, transnational parks like the Kalagadi, have been set up. These allow animals to cross nowunfenced national borders and thus allow them to use their traditional migration routes unhindered. Exercise 3: Nature conservation is very important in South Africa. Although there are not as many animals as there were before the colonial period, there are still many in South Africa. This country protects the last great herds of white and black rhinoceroses in Africa. Elephant herds are on the increase, which could become a problem if the the herds become bigger than the available land can support. Lions, leopards, cheetahs, buffalo, gnus, hippopotamuses, giraffes, zebras, jackals, hyenas are all abundant. There is a wide variety of buck and also amusing animals like vervet monkeys, baboons, porcupines and the warthog - surely the most beautifully ugly animal on earth. Exercise 4: miertjie, dekentjie, balletjie, sprinkaantjie, slangetjie, pampoentjie, saadjie, ertjietjie, aartappeltjie, seuntjie, skoentjie, mandjietjie, rondetjie, boekie, dammetjie, renostertjie, meisietjie, kettinkie, voëltjie, paadjie, kersie, blommetjie, perdjie, spelertjie, maantjie, bokkie, gaatjie, sagie, leeutjie, lammertjie, luiperdjie, woninkie, klippie, piesankie, dogtertjie, toertjie, boompie, lampie, druiwetjie, wieletjie Unit 17
Exercise 1: 1 Die vlieënier het die passasiers van Johannesburg vertei. 2 Asha en haar dogters het baie kerse vir Diwali opgesteek. 3 Sal die sekretarisvoël die slang vang? 4 X a i het die sprinkane oor die kole gebraai. 5 Die Maleiers maak bobotie van oorsietvleis, eiers, brood en melk. 6 Die toergids sal die toeriste deur die Bo-Kaap lei om die Groot Moskee te gaan besoek. 7 Het die maatskappy die borne vir Boomplantdag bestel? 8 Die wet beskerm sommige voëls, anders roei mense hulle uit. 9 Toe die son ondergaan, het ons die vuur gemaak. 10 Die jagter sal die luiperd wat beseer is, moet skiet. Exercise 2: 1 The passengers were told about Johannesburg by the pilot. 2 M a n y candles were lit by Asha and her daughters
for Diwali. 3 W i l l the snake be caught by the secretary-bird? 4 The locusts were braaied (grilled) over the coals by X a i . 5 Bobotie is made of leftover meat, eggs, bread and milk by the Malays. 6 The tourists will be guided through the Bo-Kaap by the tour guide to visit the Great Mosque. 7 Were the trees for Arbor Day ordered by the company? 8 Some birds are protected under the law, otherwise people would eradicate them. 9 When the sun set, the fire was made by us. 10 The leopard that is injured will have to be shot by the hunter. Exercise 3: 1 Daar is by die watergat deur die diere saamgekom. 2 Die wit renosters is deur die Umfoloziwildreservaat gered. 3 A l sy gewildste musiek sal deur die orkes by die fees gespeel word. 4 Gedurende die winter en lente sal daar deur die walvisse geboorte gegee word. 5 Baie takke word deur die olifante van die borne afgebreek. 6 Die gompou sal deur die voëlkykers in die woestyn gesoek word. 7 Die wynfees word deur die Nederburgmaatskappy in die Pêrel gehou. 8 Daar word deur die krimpvarkie soos 'n ballet jie opgerol as hy bang is. 9 Die penne van ystervarke kan deur ons gebruik word as ink-penne. 10 Miere word in die nag deur erdvarke gesoek om te eet. Exercise 4: 1 Die bok is deur die luiperd bo in ' n boom geëet. 2 Die swart renoster trek blare van borne en struike af. 3 Gras word deur wit renosters en sebras geëet. 4 Seekoeie volg paadjies onder die water. 5 Baie olifante en renosters is deur wilddiewe doodgemaak. 6 Natuurbewaring het nou al lank roofvoëls beskerm. 7 Die borne van die jaar is te vinde op die web-bladsy. 8 Klein diere word in die nag deur die erdwolf gejag. 9 Teen die einde van die winter was daar twintig duisend besoekers by Mkuzewildreservaat. 10 Vleie word deur olifante, renosters en vlakvarke as badkamers gebruik! Exercise 5: Die gids verduidelik aan die toeriste: ' W i t renosters eet gras, maar swart renosters eet blare en takke.' H y het ook gesê: 'Hulle monde verskil dus van mekaar. Die wit renoster het 'n groot, wye bek en die swart renoster 'n lang, skerp bek. W i t renosters loop gewoonlik in familiegroepe in die oop veld saam, maar swart renosters loop alleen in die ruigtes.' Die gids vra: 'Het enige iemand vrae?' Exercise 6: D i sê hulle moet daar bo kyk. Sy verduidelik dat daar ses leeus loop! Die ander toeriste wou weet waar. D i wys waar - by die groot rots. Die seuntjie vra of hulle nie wonderlik is nie. H y sê hy wens hy kan aan hulle vat! Die gids waarsku
horn dat dit baie gevaarlik sou wees omdat hulle horn sou doodmaak! Die seuntjie antwoord dat hy dit weet, maar dat hy tog wens hy kan. Exercise 7: 1 Die sebras hardloop weg van die leeus wat hulle agtervolg. 2 Sy het geglimlag toe die blomme aan haar afgelewer is. 3 Die hotel het nie die hele groep gehuisves nie en ses van hulle het oornag by 'n B e n B. 4 As jy haar raadpleeg moet jy aanvaar wat sy sê. 5 Die skoolhoof het die wenners gelukgewens toe hulle hulle oorwinning geseëvier het. 6 Natuurbewaring het die renosters se dood ondersoek en onderneem om die wilddiewe te vang. 7 Die nuwe pad deur die reservaat is goedgekeur nadat almal die saak goed oor gedink het. 8 Toe sy hoor die fees vind plaas, het sy gesê sy w i l saamgaan. Exercise 8: 1 boerebeskuit 2 byekorf 3 hongersnood 4 modewinkel 5 pottebakker 6 veearts 7 krimpvarkie 8 platteland 9 riviermonding 10 feestyd 11 lewenswerk 12 maaltyd 13 wildtuin/wildpark 14 vlakvark 15 motorhuis 16 bosveld 17 miskruier 18 familielede Exercise 9: 1 beddegoed 2 sakkeroller 3 lammerwol 4 verhaalkuns 5 dieretuin 6 platteland 7 wildebees 8 broekspyp 9 vrugteslaai 10 pannekoek 11 mansskoen 12 blouaap 13 godsdiens 14 watervoël 15 poporkes 16 oogarts 17 pottebakker 18 koninkryk Exercise 10: 1 saggies 2 lammertjie 3 rondetjie 4 maantjie 5 babatjie 6 tafeltjie 7 vulletjie 8 huisie 9 boekie 10 besempie 11 dammetjie 12 renostertjie 13 besie/kalf 14 skapie/lam 15 motortjie 16 mondjie 17 balletjie 18 mandjietjie 19 kettinkie 20 katjie
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3 CD If you have enjoyed working your way through Teach Yourself
Afrikaans and want to take your Afrikaans further, try the following for opportunities to build on your existing knowledge and improve your skills.
Real Afrikaans on-line: http://www.rsg.co.za/ (radio) http://www.mnet.co.za/kyknet/ (TV)
Other Internet resources Afrikaans newspapers www.newspaperdirect.com/delivery/viewer.aspx (subscription only) http://www.news24.com/Beeld/Home/ (free on-line edition) http://Avww.news24.com/Die_Burger/Home/ (free on-line edition)
Dictionaries http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/afrikaans.html
Articles about Afrikaans http://www.omniglot.com/writing/afrikaans.htm www.encyclopediaxom/html/A/Afrikaan.asp www.cyberserv.co.za/users/-jako/lang/afr.htm www. strauss. za .com/afr/afr ika ans. html
C
• •
a.
Useful links http://africanlanguages.com/afrikaans/ http://babel.uoregon.edu/yamada/guides/afrikaans.html
Speak Afrikaans within minutes: http://www.mieliestronk.com/phrase 1 .html
Courses Outside South Africa, Afrikaans is taught as part of degree courses at the African Studies Center, U C L A : http://www.isop.ucla.edu/africa/programs/ For a list of the South African universities, many of which teach Afrikaans as full-time degree courses and shorter, intensive courses of study, go to: http://www.studysa.co.za/uni-tech.htm
Dictionaries Bosman, D . B . ; van der Merwe, I.W. and L . W. Hiemstra, Tweetalige Woordeboek. Bilingual Dictionary (eighth edition). Cape Town: Pharos. 1999 De Stadler. Groot Tesourus van Afrikaans. Halfway House, Johannesburg: Southern Books Pty L t d . 1994 For the oft-mentioned Academy spelling rules, consult Combrink, J, Gids by die Afrikaanse Woordelys en Spelreëls. Cape Town: Tafelberg Publishers. 1991
Diplomatic representation South African H i g h Commission, South Africa House, Trafalgar Square, London W C 2 N 5DP, U K ; tel.: +44 (0) 20 7451 7299 http://www.southafricahouse.com/ Embassy of South Africa, 3051 Massachusetts Ave, N W , Washington, D C 20008, U S A ; tel. +1 (202) 232-4400; e-mail: [email protected] South African H i g h Commission, Cnr Rhodes Place & State Circle, Yarralumla, Canberra, A C T 2600, Australia; tel. +61 (0)2 6273 2424 http://www.rsa.emb.gov.au/
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0) T3 'D (D 3 1 Die maande van die jaar The months of the year Januarie Februarie Maart April Mei Junie Julie Augustus September Oktober November Desember
January February March April May June July August September October November December
a x
m m
C
W (D
2 Die dae van die week The days of the week Sondag Maandag Dinsdag Woensdag Donderdag Vrydag Saterdag
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
3 Sekuiêre openbare vakansiedae Secular bank/ public holidays 1 January 21 Maart 27 April 1 Mei
Nuwejaarsdag Menseregtedag Vryheidsdag Werkersdag
New Year's Day Human Rights Day Freedom Day Workers Day
3 'HK
3 o
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16 Junie 9 Augustus 24 September 16 Desember
Jeugdag Nasionale Vrouedag Erfenisdag Versoeningsdag
Youth Day National Women's Day Heritage Day Day of Reconciliation
4 Tel en rangskik Counting and ranking 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
een twee drie vier vyf ses sewe agt nege tien elf twaalf dertien veertien vyftien sestien sewentien agtien negentien twintig een-en-twintig twee-en-twintig
30 dertig 31 een-en-dertig 32 twee-en-dertig 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
veertig vyftig sestig sewentig tagtig negentig honderd
101 een honderden-een 113 een honderd-en dertien
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd
eerste tweede derde vierde vyfde sesde sewende agste/agtste negende tiende elfde twaalfde dertiende veertiende vyftiende sestiende sewentiende agtiende/agttiende negentiende twintigste een-en-twintigste twee-en-twintigste
30th dertigste 31st eeri-en-dertigste 32nd twee-en~dertigste 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th 100th
veertigste vyftigste sestigste sewentigste tagtigste negentigste honderdste
101st een honderd-en-eerste 113th een honderd-en-dertiende
126 een honderd, ses-en-twintig
126th een honderd, ses-en-twintigste
140 een honderd-en 140th een honderd-en-veertigste veertig 1,000 duisend 1,000th duisendste 10,000 tienduisend 10,000th tienduisendste 100,000 honderdduisend 100,000th honderdduisendste 1,000,000 miljoen 1,000,000th miljoenste 1,000,000,000 miljard 1,000,000,000th miljardste 1,000,000,000,000 bajoen 1,000,000,000,000th biljoenste
5 Geld Money Rand rand 100 sent =s 100 cents = 1 rand banknote banknotes R10, R20, R50, R100, R200 muntstukke coins 5c, 10c, 20c, 50c, R l , R2, R5
6 Nasionale hoofstede National capitals Kaapstad — wetgewend Pretoria - uitvoerende Bloemfontein - regterlike
Cape Town - legislative Pretoria executive/administrative Bloemfontien - judicial
7 Provinsies en hul hoofstede Provinces and their capitals Province Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Mpumalanga Noordkaap Northern Cape Noordprovinsie Northern Province Noordweste North-west Province Ooskaap Eastern Cape Vrystaat Freestate Weskaap Western Cape
Capital Tswane (Pretoria) Pietermaritzburg {still being contested) Nelspruit Kimberley Polokwane Mafikeng Bisho Bloemfontein Kaapstad (Cape Town)
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more tomorrow mossie/s sparrow/s mostert mustard motor/s motor carls, cars musikant/e musicianls muur/mure wall/s 'n a, an naam/name namels naartjie/s tangerine/s naaste nearest naby close, near nagereg/te dessert, pudding nagklere night clothes, pyjamas nagrok/ke nightdress/es nasionale skat/te national treasurels natuurbewaring nature conservation natuurreservaat/vate nature reservels natuurskoon scenic natuurwonder/s natural wonderIs navraag/vrae inquiry/ies nederende humbling nee no neem take (V) nek/ke neck/s nêrens nowhere net only net/nette net/s netnou just now neus/e nose/s neut/e nut/s nie .. nie not nie-vliegende flightless niemand no one nier/e kidney/s niks nothing nodig necessary noem name (V) nog still nog nie not yet nog .. nog neither .. nor
ongerief inconvenience nooddienste/s emergency service/s ongevalle casualty noodgeval/le emergency/ies onkunde ignorance nooit never onlangs recently noord north/northern onmiddellik immediately nou now onomheinde unfenced nou-nou 'now-now' onrus unrest nul nil, nought, zero ontbyt/e breakfast/s nuwe new ontdek discover (V) nywerheid/hede industry/ies ontdekking/s dicovery/ies ontduik dodge (V) oefen practise (V) oefening/e practice/s, exercise/sontevrede dissatisfied onthou remember (V) oëversorging eye care ontloop outrun (V) óf .. of either .. or ontsmettingsmiddel/s oggend morning disinfectant/s olifant/e elephant/s ontsnap escape (V) olyf/olywe olive/s ontsnapping/s escape/s olyfolie olive oil ontstaan beginning, origin omdat as, because ontvangsdame/s receptionist!s omdraai turn around (V) ontwerp invent (V) omgekrapte maag enteritis ontwerp/e design/s omgewing/s environments, area/s onvergeetlik unforgettable omhein fence (V) oog/oë eye/s omheinde fenced oogdruppel/s eyedrop/s omtrent about, nearly oogkundige/s opticianls onbesproke unreserved ooi/e ewe/s onder under ooievaar/s stork/s onderaan at the bottom ooievaarspartytjie/s baby onderbroek/e underpants shower/s onderhandel negotiate (V) ooit ever onderhou support (V) ook also onderkant underside oom/s uncle/s ondermyn undermine (V) oomblik moment onderneem undertake (V) oond/e ovenls onderrok/ke petticoatls oop open onderskeidelik respectively oopmaak open (V) ondersoek examine (V) oor over onderste bottom oor/ore earls ondersteun support (V) ondertoe towards the bottom oordink consider, think about (V) oordruppel/s eardrop/s onderwyser/s teacherls oorkant across the way ongehinderd unhindered oornag over-night (V) ongeluk/ke accidentls oorpyn earache ongelukkig unhappy, sad
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oorsee overseas, abroad pa/'s father Is, dadls oorskiet leftovers paadjie/s pathls oorskot surplus paal/pale polels oorspronklik original Paasvakansie Raster holidays oorsteek cross (V) pad/paaie roadls, pathls oortrek cover (V) padda/s frogls oortrokke (rekening) overdrawn padveiligheid road safety (account) pak/ke suit/s oorversorging ear care pakkie/s parcells oorvleueling/s overlap/s pale (rugby) goalls (rugby) oorwin overcome (V) paling/s eel/s op on pampoen/e pumpkin/s opbou build up (V) pampoentjies mumps opdraand/e slope/s, gradient/s pan/panne pan/s opdroog dry off (V) paneelklopper/s panel beaterls opehuis open house pannekoek/e pancake/s openbaar reveal, make public (V) pantoffel/s slipper/s openbaar public pap flat; porridge openbare vakansie/s public papaja/s paw-pawls (bank) holidayIs papband/e flat tyre/s openbare vervoer public papdronk dead drunk transport papnat sopping wet opgaar collect, gather (V) park/e park/s opgewonde excited parkeer park (V) opgewondenheid excitement partytjie/s partylies ophou stop (V) pasiënt/e patient/s opklim board (V) passasier/s passenger/s oplaai pick up (V) patat/s sweet potatoe/s oppas take care (of), look afterpeer/pere (V) pearls oppomp inflate (V) pen/penne penis opsny cut up (V) penningsteen/stene helictite/s opsteek light (V) (spiralled stalactites) opvoering/s performance!s, pens/e gutls production/s pensioentrekker/s pensioners ordentlik decent peperduur expensive os/se ox/oxen per boot by boat oseaan/oseane ocean/s perd/e horse/s ou old perdfris fit as a fiddle oudste eldest, oldest Pêrel Paarl ouer/s parentis perske/s peachles ouerskap parental status piesang/s bananals ouma/s grandmotherls piesangbrood banana loaf oupa/s grandfather/s pietersielie parsley pik strike (V) (snake)
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ram/me ram/s 257 rampartytjie/s stag party/ies (Q rand/e edge/s, rim/s o 3' rant ridge/s ratkas/te gearbox/es rats lithe I 3 reddingsdienste/s rescue servicels CQ reel arrange (V) 3T reën rain (V) reën rain reënerig rainy reënjas/te raincoat/s reg/te right/s reg van oorgang right of way registrasienommer licence plate regverdig justify (V) reis trafel (V) reisigerstjek/s traveller's cheque/s rem (trap) hrake (V) rem/me brakels renoster/s rhinoceros/es resep/te recipe/s resepteboek/e recipe book/s respektiewelik respectively retoerkaartjie/s return ticket/s ring/e ring/s rivier/e river/s riviermonding/s estuary/ies roete/s routels rok/ke dressles romp/e skirt/s rond round rooi red roofvoël/s raptor/s rook smoke (V) rook smoke rook-area smoking area room cream roomys/e ice cream/s roomysmelk/e milkshake/s roosterbrood toast roosterkoek/-brood barbecue-grid bread rot/rotte rat/s >
rots/e rock/s rotsvas firm rou raw rou mourn (V) ruskamer/s restroom/s rustig restful ry drive, leave, drive away rybewys/te licence/s ryk rich rykdom wealth rys rice
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skreeulelik as ugly as sin skril shrill, shrilly skrum/s (rugby) scrum/s skyfie/s crisp/s slag at one go slaggat/e pothole/s slaghuis/e butchery/ies slak/ke snail/s slang/e snake/s slangbyt snake hite slangpark/e snake park/s sleg had, hadly slenterpak/ke tracksuit/s sleutel/s key/s slim clefer, cunning sluk swallow (V) smaak taste/s smaak taste (V) smaaklik tasteful, tasty smalspoor narrow gauge smeer spread smelt smelt (V) smeltpot/te melting pot/s smiddags in the afternoon smoorsnoek braised snoek smórens in the morning snags at night sneeu snow sneeuwit snow white sneuwel die in battle (V) snor/re moustache/s sny cut, harvest (V) sny/e cut/s so pas ;ust so-meer and so forth sodra as soon as soek seek, search (V) soen kiss (V) soentjie/s kiss/es soetkoekie/s butter biscuit/s sogenaamde so-called soheentoe there (motion) sokker soccer, football solank as long as
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p l u r e with - graag property/ies eienskap/pe plum/s pruim/e propose (V) voorstel plush weelderig prosperity voorspoed poacher/s wilddief/diewe protect (V) bewaar, beskerm pocket/s sak/ke protection beskerming poetry digkuns provide (V) voorsien point/s punt/e psychological/ly psigies poisonous gi/tig public openbaar pole/s paal/pate public (bank) holiday/s openbare police polisie vakansiels pool/s poe//e public transport openbare poor arm vervoer poor, very - brandarm pull in (V) intrek popular gewild pull out (V) uittrek populate (V) bevolk puliover/s truile population/s bevolking/s pulse polsslag porcupine/s ystervark/e pumpkin/s pampoen/e pork varkvleis put (V) plaas, sit pork chop/s varktjop/s put out (fire) (V) hlus (vuur) porridge pap pyjamas nagklere post office/s poskantoor/ore potato/es aartappel/s quail/s kwartel/s potato crisp/s aartappelskyfie/s question/s vraag/vrae pothole/s slaggat/e queue (V) toustaan potter/s pottebakker/s queue/s tou/e quickly gou-gou, vinnig poultry pluimvee, hoenders quiet/ly stil, rustig practice/s oefening/e practise (V) oe/en preparations voorbereidings rabbit/s haas/hase prepare (V) (voor)berei, bewerk race/s wedren/ne prescribe (V) voorskryf race, of mixed - bruinman/ne, prescription/s voorskriflte kleurling preserve (V) behou, inlê radiator/s verkoeler/s pretty mooi, pragtig radish/es radys/e private privaat rain (V) reen probably seker rain reen problem/s probleem/leme raincoat/s reënjas/te process (V) behandel rainy reënerig process/es proses/se ram/s ram/me production/s opvoeringls ran (V) hardloop professional professioneel range (V) wissel promise (V) belowe raptor/s roofvoëlls promise/s belofte/s rash/es uitslag/te promote (V) voorsit rat/s rot/rotte eas
5
right of way reg van oorgang rather eerder rightly tereg raw rou ring/s ring/e read (V) lees ready (V) reg, reg staan, gereed ring up (V) skakel, bel, lui rissole/s frikkadel/le recently onlangs receptionist/s ontvangsdame/s river/s rivier/e road/s pad/paaie recipe/s resep/te road/s - corrugated, rutted recipe book/s resepteboek/e sinkplaatpad/paaie red root road safety padveiligheid red hot vuurwarm roam (V) swerf referee/s skeidsregter/s roast (V) hraai refreshment area/s roasted gebraaide verversingsareals rock/s rots/e refreshments verversings rock hard kliphard regularly gereeld room/s kamer/s, vertrek/ke reintroduce (V) herinvoer root/s wortet/s religion/s godsdiens/te, rope/s tou/e geloof/lowe religious affiliation kerkverband rot (V) i/rot rotten i/rot rely on (V) staatmaak op rough road/s stof-grondpad/pi remedy/ies raatlrate round rond remember (V) onthou route/s roetels remind (V) herinner rub (V) fry/ remote afgeleë, verlate rubella Duitse masels rescue service/s reddingsdienste/s rumble (V) dreun reserve (V) bespreek rumble gerommel respectively respektiewelik, rump/s boudle onderskeidelik run (V) hardloop rest period/s blaaskansie/s run away (V) weghardloop restful/ly rustig restricted (life) gebonde (lewe) run off (V) (fluids) tap af runner/s hardloper/s restroom/s ruskamer/s running shoe/s drafskoen/e result/s uitslag/slae return (V) terugkom, terugkeerrusk/s boerebeskuit return wederkoms, terugkoms, sad treurig, ongelukkig terugkeer return ticket/s retoerkaartjie/s saffron (yellow) rice geelrys salt sout reveal (V) openbaar rhinoceros/es, rhino/s renoster/s same soortgelyk, dieselfde sandal/s plakkiels rice rys sap (plant) sap rich ryk sandwich/es toebroodjie/s ridge/s rant sardine/s sardientjiels right (direction) regs sauce/s sous/e right/s reg/te
g-5 8 §•'• «3 j 5 5' g 1
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short kort sausage/s wors shortbread brosbrood sausage roll/s worsrolletjie/s shortly binnekort saw(V) saag shortly thereafter kort daarna saw/s saag/sae shot/s skoot/skote say (V) se should behoort scar (V) skend shovel/s skopgraaf/grawe scarce skaars show (V) toon, wys scare to death (V) doodskrik shower (V) stort scarf/ves (neck) serp/e shower/s stort/e scarf/ves (head) doek/e shrill/y skril scenic natuurskoon shy beskeie scholar/s skoolganger/$ sick siek scream (V) skreeu sick, get (V) siek word scrum/s (rugby) skrum/s side-plate/s kleinbordjie/s seam/s soomlsome sight/s gesig/te search (V) soek sign (V) teken seatbelt/s sitplekgordel/s secretary bird/s sekretarisvoël/s sign/s teken/s silly dom see (V) sien similar soortgelyk seed/s saad sincerely hartlik seek (V) soek sing (V) sing seldom selde singer/s sanger/s self-drive selfbestuur single enkel sell (V) verkoop single bed/s enkelbed/dens send (V) stuur single ticket/s ettkelkaartjie/s serious erg, ernstig Sir Meneer seriously erg sister/s susterls serve (V) bedien sister/s-in-law skoonsuster/s service/s dienste/s sit(V) sit set (V) dek sit (the test) (V) a/?e several verskeie situate (V) vestig, plaas shade skaduwee shadow/s skadu/s, skaduweels size grootte skew skeef sharp skerp skill/s vaardigheid/hede sheep skaap/skape skin i/el sheet/s laken/s skin/s huid/e shiny h/ink ship's captain/s skeepskapteinfe skirt/s romple sky lug ship's hold/s skeepsruimftes slimy glibberig shirt/s hemp/de slipper/s pantoffel/s shoe/s skoen/e slippery glipperig, glad shoot (V) skiet slope/s opdraand/e shop/s winkells slowly stadig shopping mall/s winkelsentrumls
small klein smart deftig smell (V) ruik smelt (V) smelt smile (V) glimlag smile/s glimlag/te smoke (V) rook smoke rook smoking area rook-area snail/s slaklke snake/s slang/e snake bite slangbyt snake park/s slangpark/e snow sneeu snow white spierwit, sneeuwit so-called sogenaantde soap/s seep/sepe soccer sokker, voetbal sock/s kous/e soft/ly sag, stilletjies soldier/s soldaat/date some sommige someone iemand something iets somewhere erens song/s lied/ere, liedjie/s son/s seun/s soon gou soon, as - as sodra sophisticated gesofistikeerd sopping wet papnat sore/s seerplek/ke sore seer sorrowful treurig sorry jammer sound (V) k/ink sound/s klankle soup/s sop/pe sour milk suurmelk spade/s graaf/grawe spare wheel/s spaarwiel/e sparkling clean helderskoon, silwerskoon sparkling water vonkelwater
sparkplug/s vonkprop/pe 283 sparrow/s mossie/s CD m speak (V) praat, gesels o 2 specie/s soort/e 3 <£ spectator/s toeskouerls speed limit/s spoedbeperking/s spoil (V) bederf Í fi> spoilt children bedorwe (kinders) 3 spread (V) smeer spread/s smeer Springboks (rugby) Springbok/ke, Bokke springbuck springbok/ke stag party/ies bokkefuif/fuiwe, rampartytjie/s stalactite/s stalaktietle, hangdruipsteen/stene stalagmite/s stalagmietle, staandruipsteen/ene stallion/s hings/e starter/s voorgereg/te station/s stasie/s stay (V) hly steak/s biefstuk/ke stick/s stokkie/s stiff as a board stokstyf still nog sting (V) steek stomach/s maaglmage stomach ache/s maagpyn/e stomach ulcer/s maagsweer/swere stoop/s stoep/e stop (V) opbou stop (V) (vehicle) stilhou stork/s ooievaarls storm (V) storm storm/s storm/s stove/s stoof/stowe strategic strategies strawberry/ies aarbei/e street/s straatlstrate street theatre/s straatteaterls stretch (V) strek, rek strict kwaai
1
%S jo g= «3 J 2 2' g 1
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strike (V) (by snake) pik sympathy simpatie, meegevoel stroll (V) wandel strong sterk, vrom table/s ta/el/s strong drink sterk drank tablet/s pil/le struggle (V) sukkel tail/s stert/e struggle/s stryd/e take (V) neem, i/at stupid dom take care (of) (V) oppas sturdy i/rom take on (V) aanneem suffer (V) lei take part (V) deelneem suffering hiding take place plaasvind sugar suiker talent/s talent/e suggest (V) voorstel tame mak suicide selfmoord tangerine/s naartjie/s suit/s pak/ke tap/s kraan/krane suitcase/s tas/se tar teer summer somer task in hand begonne (taak) sun son taste (V) smaak sunburn sonbrand taste/s smaak sunflower oil sonneblomolie tasteful, tasty smaaklik sunset sonsondergaan taxi rank/s taxi-staanplek/ke superb/ly puik taxi/s huurmotor/s, taxi's support (V) onderhou, teacher/s onderwyser/s ondersteun team/s span/ne surely seker teatime/s teetyd/tye surgeon/s chirurg/e tell (V) t/ertel surplus oorskot teller/s teller/s surprise (V) verbaas tendency tendens surprise: to one's surprise tot .. tennis player/s tennisspeler/s verbasing tennis shoe/s takkiels, tekkie/s surprise/s verrassing/s test (V) toets suspect (V) verdink test/s toets/e suspected (thief) verdagte (dief)thank you dankie, 'asseblief swallow (V) sluk that dat, wat, daardie swallow/s (bird) swaeltjiels the die swarm/s swerm/s their hulle sweat (V) sweet them hulle sweat sweet then (future) dan sweet/s lekker/s then (past) toe sweet melon/s spanspek/ke there daar sweet potatoe/s patat/s there (motion) soontoe, sweet/s (dessert) nagereg/te soheentoe, daarnatoe swift/s windswael/s therefore dus swim (V) swem they hulle swing (V) swaai thin maer
towards the back agtertoe thin as a rake brandmaer towards the bottom ondertoe think (V) dink towards the top boontoe think about (V) oordink towel/s handdoekle thirsty dors town (centre) stad this die, hierdie thorn bush/es doringboom/bometown/s dorple tracksuit/s sweetpak/ke, thousand/s duisendle slenterpak/ke three drie traffic police verkeerskonstabel/s throat/s keel/kele train, by - per train through which waardeur transaction slip/s strokie/s throw (V) gooi transport vervoer throw-in (V) ingooi travel (V) reis thumb/s duimle traveller's cheque/s reisigerstjek/s thus dus tray/s skinkbordle ticket/s kaartjie/s treasure/s skat/te tie (V) hind, vasmaak tree/s boom/bome tie/s daslse tribal members stammense tiger/s tier/s tribe/s stamgroeple tight fas tights (panty hose) broekiekousetriumph over (V) seëvier oor tropical tropies time/s tyd/tye trouser leg/s broekspyp/e tire (V) moegraak trousers broek/e to toe. om te try (V) probeer toast roosterbrood try/tries (rugby) drie/e (rugby) toasted geroosterde turn (V) draai today vandag turn/s draaile toe/s toon/tone turn around (V) omdraai together hy mekaar, saam turnip/s raaplrape toll fee/s tolgeld/e TV/s TVA toll road/s tolpad/paaie two twee tornato/es tamatie/s tomorrow more ugly lelik tonight vanaand ugly as sin skreeulelik tonsillitis mangelontsteking umbrella/s sambreel/s/brele toothache tandpyn umpire/s skeidsregter/s toothbrush/es tandeborsel/s uncle/s oom/s toothpaste/s tandepasta/s under onder top boonste undermine (V) ondermyn top, at the - bo-aan underpants onderbroek/e top, on - ho, ho-op underside onderkant totally empty dolleeg undertake (V) onderneem tour/s toer/e undress (V) uittrek tourist/s toeris/te unfenced onomheinde tow in (V) (vehicle) insleep
unforgettable onvergeetlik washing up skottelgoed unhappy ongelukkig watch (V) dophou, kyk na unhindered ongehinderd watch/es horlosie/s unique uniek watch out! oppasl unreserved onbesproke water water unrest onrus water-lily stew Upper Cape Town Bo-Kaap waterblommetjiebredie urban area/s stedelike gebied/e watermelon/s waatlemoen/e use (V) gebruik way manier, wyse weak /lou, swak use/s gebruikle wealth rykdom useful bruikbaar weather weer usual gewone wedding/s troule, huwelik/e usually gewoonlik week/s weeklweke welcome (V) verwelkom variety verskeidenheid well wel vegetable/s groente well-built (body) fris vehicle/s voertuigltuie well known welbekend venison wildsvleis wetland/s flei/e venue/s plek/ke what wat verandah/s stoep/e what, on waarop vervet monkey/s blouaap/ape what time hoe laat very haie wheat koring vest/s frokkie/s wheel/s wiel/e vet/s veeartsle when wanneer, toe, as village/s dorpiels where waar vinegar asyn where from waarvandaan visit (V) kuier where to waarnatoe, waarheen visitor/s besoeker/s whether of vitamin/s vitaminels voice/s stem/me which wat, watter which, by - waardeur which, in - waarin wader/s (birds) watervoël/s wake up (someone) (V) wakker which, of - waarvan, van watter which, on - waarop maak walk (V) loop, stap which, with - waarmee walking tour/s staptoer/e while terwyl wall/s muur/mure while crying huil-huil want (V) he while laughing lag-lag warm warm while singing sing-sing warn (V) waarsku while whistling fluit-fluit warning/s waarskuwing/s whistle (V) fluit wart/s vrat/te whistle/s fluitjie/s warthog/s vlakvark/e white wit washbasin/s wasbak/ke white bread witbrood/brode
work werk work (V) werk work, get to - (V) aan die werk spring working day/s werksdagldae workplace/s werkplek/ke world famous wereldberoemd world war/s wêreldoorlog/loë worry (V) bekommer wound/s wondle, seerplek/ke written laws beskrewe (wette) written text geskrewe (teks) X-ray/s plaatlplate year/s jaar/jare yellow geel yes ja yesterday gister yoghurt yoghurt you (respectful) u you (informal) jy young jonk, yong young, very - bloedjonk your (respectful) u your (informal) jou yours (respectful) u s'n yours (informal) joune youth jeug zero nul zoo/s dieretuin/e
287 Englis gloss*
who wie, wat whole heel whole, as a geheel whom, to aan wie whom, with met wie whose wie se why hoekom widow/s weduwee/s widower/s wewenaarls wild wild wild buck wildsbok/ke wild food veldkos will/shall (V) sal willingly graag win (V) wen win/s oorwinning/s window/s venster/s windscreen/s windskerm/s wine sauce wynsous wine/s wyn/e wing/s vlerk/e winter winter wireless/es draadloos/lose with it daarmee wife/ves vrou/ens woman/men vrou/ens wonder/s wonderwerk/e wonderland towerland wood/s bos/se wooded geboomde wool woll/e word/s woord/e
f
CO 3 (0
288
a 3
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Numbers in bold refer to the units which include the material. adjectives 6 adverbs 8 - word order 4 articles 5 commands 12 compounds 4 - verbs and nouns 16 - word formation 4 conjunctions - word order 10 dates 5 days of the week 5 degrees of comparison -adjectives 6 -adverbs 8 direct and indirect speech 15 exclamations 12 infinitives 4 months of the year 5 negatives 9 nouns -compounds 4,16 -diminutives 16 -gender 5 -number 3 numbers -counting 2 -ranking 3 passive voice 14
prepositions 11 pronouns -personal 1 -possessive 1 -relative 5 punctuation 15 questions -words 3 -yes-no 8 rhythm and rhyme 14 tenses -future 2 -past 2 -present 2 - word order 2 time 2 verbs -auxiliary 12 -compounds 16 -modals 12 -participles 12 -prepositional 11 -to be 2 -word order 12